Table 3.

Neurotoxic effects of some nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles	Toxic effects	References
Carbon nanotubes	Inflammation in the olfactory bulb. Promotes ROS formation, increases oxidative stress, inhibits cell proliferation and apoptosis.	[136, 137]
Silver NPs	Increases oxidative stress and decreases the anti-oxidation capacity of the antioxidative enzymes in frontal cortex and hippocampus of mice.	[138]
Titanium oxide NPs	Induces oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, genotoxicity, neurotransmitters dysregulation, disrupted signaling pathways, and plasticity of the synapse.	[139–141]
Iron oxide NPs	Neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and immune cell infiltration have been reported as a side effect of exposure to iron oxide nanoparticles.	[142–145]
Silica	It causes cognitive dysfunction impairment, synaptic changes, an increase in oxidative stress, and microglial function alteration.	[146, 147]
Organic NPs	It causes dose-dependent inflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal apoptosis, and accumulation in the frontal cortex.	[134, 148–153]