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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Trends Cancer. 2021 Mar 12;7(9):809–822. doi: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.02.003

Figure 3. Current immunotherapies for the treatment of Brain Metastases.

Figure 3.

Immunotherapeutic strategies being tested in pre-clinical and clinical trials for the treatment of BM include targeting immune components of the TME, such as myeloid cells or astrocytes (A and B), both peptide-based and whole cells-based vaccines (C), immune-checkpoint blockade (D), virotherapy (E) and cell-based therapies (F). Abbreviations: BM=Brain Metastases, CAR=Chimeric Antigen Receptor, CSF1-R=Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor, DCs=Dendritic Cells, HER2=Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2, IDO=indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, MDSCs=Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells, TRAIL=TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand, T-vec=Talimogene Laherparepvec