Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population by number of syndemic behavioral conditions
| Characteristics | Number of syndemic conditions | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N = 5621 |
0 524 (9.3%) |
1 1480 (26.3%) |
≥ 2 3617 (64.3%) |
|
| Column frequency (%) | ||||
| Incident CVD* | 1149 (20.4) | 77 (14.7) | 285 (19.3) | 787 (21.8) |
| Age, years, Median [Interquartile] | 49.1 [43.6, 54.6] | 45.2 [38.3, 53.6] | 48.7 [42.1, 55.2] | 49.6 [44.8, 54.4] |
| Sex | ||||
| Women | 317 (5.6) | 56 (10.7) | 115 (7.8) | 146 (4.0) |
| Men | 5304 (94.4) | 468 (89.3) | 1365 (92.2) | 3471 (96.0) |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 1196 (21.3) | 127 (24.2) | 371 (25.1) | 698 (19.3) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 3651 (65.0) | 322 (61.5) | 894 (60.4) | 2435 (67.3) |
| Hispanic | 567 (10.1) | 60 (11.5) | 143 (9.7) | 364 (10.1) |
| Other | 207 (3.7) | 15 (2.9) | 72 (4.9) | 120 (3.3) |
| Education | ||||
| < High school | 352 (6.3) | 11 (2.1) | 59 (4.0) | 282 (7.8) |
| High school or equivalent | 1836 (32.7) | 83 (15.8) | 408 (27.6) | 1345 (37.2) |
| > High school | 3384 (60.2) | 426 (81.3) | 998 (67.4) | 1960 (54.2) |
| Diabetes (glucose measurement, antidiabetic agent use, and/or at least 1 inpatient/2 outpatient ICD-9 codes for diabetes) | 828 (14.7) | 79 (15.1) | 203 (13.7) | 546 (15.1) |
| Hypertension | ||||
| No (BP < 140/90 mm Hg, no antihypertensive medication) | 2250 (40.0) | 246 (46.9) | 596 (40.3) | 1408 (38.9) |
| Controlled (BP < 140/90 mm Hg, on antihypertensive medication) | 1946 (34.6) | 162 (30.9) | 514 (34.7) | 1270 (35.1) |
| Uncontrolled (BP ≥ 140/90 mm Hg) | 1421 (25.3) | 115 (21.9) | 369 (24.9) | 937 (25.9) |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥ 160 mg/dL, blood | 457 (8.1) | 46 (8.8) | 140 (9.5) | 271 (7.5) |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol < 40 mg/dL, blood | 2499 (44.5) | 260 (49.6) | 720 (48.6) | 1519 (42.0) |
| Triglycerides ≥ 200 mg/dL, blood | 1237 (22.0) | 98 (18.7) | 351 (23.7) | 788 (21.8) |
| Obesity (body mass index ≥ 30) | 1496 (26.6) | 164 (31.3) | 430 (29.1) | 902 (24.9) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 515 (9.2) | 21 (4.0) | 99 (6.7) | 395 (10.9) |
| Hepatitis C infection | 1934 (34.4) | 53 (10.1) | 310 (20.9) | 1571 (43.4) |
| Anemia (hemoglobin < 13 g/dL men; < 12 g/dL women) | 1068 (19.0) | 84 (16.0) | 266 (18.0) | 718 (19.9) |
| Renal disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1·73 m2) | ||||
| < 30 | 40 (0.7) | 4 (0.8) | 7 (0.5) | 29 (0.8) |
| 30–59 | 216 (3.8) | 27 (5.2) | 62 (4.2) | 127 (3.5) |
| ≥ 60 | 5281 (94.0) | 481 (91.8) | 1389 (93.9) | 3411 (94.3) |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder (ICD-9 code) | 792 (14.1) | 22 (4.2) | 108 (7.3) | 662 (18.3) |
| Illicit drug use | 2174 (38.7) | 16 (3.1) | 259 (17.5) | 1899 (52.5) |
| Opioid use disorder | 938 (16.7) | 4 (0.8) | 88 (5.9) | 846 (23.4) |
| Cigarette Use | ||||
| Current | 2836 (50.5) | 0 (0.0) | 417 (28.2) | 2419 (66.9) |
| Former | 1369 (24.4) | 0 (0.0) | 325 (22.0) | 1044 (28.9) |
| Never | 1416 (25.2) | 524 (100.0) | 738 (49.9) | 154 (4.3) |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Not current drinker | 1791 (31.9) | 0 (0.0) | 320 (21.6) | 1471 (40.7) |
| Not hazardous | 1495 (26.6) | 524 (100.0) | 825 (55.7) | 146 (4.0) |
| Unhealthy or alcohol use disorder | 2335 (41.5) | 0 (0.0) | 335 (22.6) | 2000 (55.3) |
| Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) | 1191 (21.2) | 0 (0.0) | 83 (5.6) | 1108 (30.6) |
| HIV Status | ||||
| HIV-negative (HIV-) | 2757 (49.0) | 276 (52.7) | 719 (48.6) | 1762 (48.7) |
| HIV-positive (HIV +) | 2864 (51.0) | 248 (47.3) | 761 (51.4) | 1855 (51.3) |
| HIV-1 RNA viral load ≥ 400 copies/milliliter (among HIV +) | 1522 (53.1) | 120 (48.4) | 406 (53.4) | 996 (53.7) |
| CD4 + T-cell count < 500 cells/microliter3 (among HIV +) | 1954 (68.2) | 161 (64.9) | 520 (68.3) | 1273 (68.6) |
| On antiretroviral therapy (% of HIV +) | 2282 (79.7) | 197 (79.4) | 628 (82.5) | 1457 (78.5) |
AUDIT-C Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, BP blood pressure, CVD cardiovascular disease, ICD-9 International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire, % percentage
*
CVD: acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, revascularization, ischemic stroke, heart failure, and peripheral artery disease
Diabetes was identified using a previously validated metric that incorporates glucose measurements, antidiabetic agent use, and/or at least 1 inpatient or 2 outpatient ICD-9 codes for diabetes; Hepatitis C virus sero-positivity was defined as a positive hepatitis C virus antibody test result or at least 1 inpatient or 2 outpatient ICD-9 codes for this diagnosis