Table 1:
DA sensing using CFE and nanocarbons using FSCV (* denotes current study)
| Electrode | Electrolyt e | Area | LOD | Sensitivity | Sentitivity in interferent/sel ectivity | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GC | PBS | 500 μm2 1500 μm2 |
≤10nM | 1.135E−9 nA/nM 164 nA/ μM 354 nA/μM– |
1 mM AA, 1.81E−10 nA/nM |
(Castagnola et al. 2021; Nimbalkar et al. 2018) |
| PEDOT/GO coated CFEs | aCSF | 7 μm diameter, 400 μm length |
0.1 μM | 14–54 nA/μM | NA | (Taylor et al. 2017) |
| CFEs | aCSF | 7 μm diameter, 400 μm length 75 μm length |
0.218 μM 20±7 nM |
4.9 ± 0.5 nA/μM 13±2 nA/μM |
NA | (Taylor et al. 2017; Vreeland et al. 2015) |
| PEDOT/Nafion coated CFEs | aCSF | 7 μm diameter, 75 μm length |
4 ± 1 nM | 26 – 46 nA/μM | DA (1.0 μM), DOPAC (20 μM), AA (200 μM) | (Vreeland et al. 2015) |
| CNT yarn microelectrodes (CNTYMEs) | PBS | 10–25 μm | 13 ± 2 nM | NA | NA | (Yang et al. 2016b) |
| CNT Grown on Metal Microelectrode s and CFEs | PBS | Currents normalized for area | CNT-Nb 11±1 nM CNT-Ta 91±27 nM CNT-CFE 46±10 nM |
CNT-Nb 197 ± 16 pA/μm2 CNT-Ta 82 ± 10 pA/μm2 CNT-CFE 100 ± 25 pA/μm2 for 1μM DA |
AA, DOPAC, 5-HT, AD, and histamine | (Yang et al. 2016a) |
| Carbon nanospike-modified microelectrodes | PBS | Wires 100 μm lenght 25 μm dia |
Ta-CNS 8 ± 2 nM Pd-CNS 27 ± 2 nM Nb-CNS 12 ± 2 nM Ni-CNS 16 ± 3 nM |
Linear from 100 nM to 100 μM | UA, AA | (Zestos et al. 2015) |
| Carbon nanopipettes electrodes (CNPEs) | PBS | ~250 nm diameter tips, and lengths ranging from 5 to 175 μm. | 25 ± 5 nM | linear response for DA in 0.1 to 10 μM range | 5-HT, and octopamine | (Rees et al. 2015) |
| Carbon Nanohorn (CNH) modified CFME and ox-CNH/CFME |
PBS | 7 μm diameter 100 μm length |
15 and 6 nM | linear response for DA in 0.05 to 5 μM range | 1μM EP, 1μM NE, 1 μM 5-HT, 200μM AA | (Puthongkha m et al. 2018) |
| 3D-Printed carbon electrode and Carbon Nanoelectrodes | PBS | diameter of 65±4μm for the spheres and the hemisphere part of the cones; 288±17nm tip size | 11±1 nM and 177 ± 21 nM | the DA current is linear with concentration up to 10 (micro electrode) μM and 50 μM (nanoelectrode) | 1μM EP, 1μM NE, 1 μM 5-HT, 200μM AA | (Cao et al. 2020; Puthongkha m et al. 2018) |
| CA/CNT Fiber | PBS | 20 μm diameter | NA | 210 ± 31 pA/μm2 for 1μM DA |
UA, AA, 5-HT | (Yang et al. 2017) |
| PEI/CNT Fiber | PBS | 20 μm diameter | NA | 122 ± 23 pA/μm2 for 1μM DA |
UA, AA, 5-HT | (Yang et al. 2017) |
| CNT Yarn | PBS | 20 μm diameter | NA | 290 ± 65 pA/μm2 for 1 μM DA |
UA, AA, 5-HT | (Yang et al. 2017) |
| 3DFG microelectrodes | PBS | 2500 μm2 | 364.44±8.65 pM | 2120±50nA/μM | UA, AA, DOPAC, EP, 5-HIAA | * |
| 3DFG miniaturized microelectrodes | PBS | 4 μm2 | 61.67±25.3 5 nM | 3.6±1 nA/ μM | UA, AA, DOPAC, EP, 5-HIAA | * |
Acronyms used: AA- ascorbic acid, UA- uric acid, DA- dopamine, DOPAC- dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, AD- adenosine, 5-H- serotonin, EP- epinephrine, NE- norepinephrine, 5-HIAA- 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, GC – glassy carbon, CFEs- carbon fiber microelectrodes, aCSF-artificial cerebrospinal fluid, PBS- Phosphate Buffered Saline, CNT- carbon nanotubes, PEDOT/GO- poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) /graphene oxide, PEI- polyethylenimine, CA- chlorosulfonic acid, PEDOT- poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)