Table 1.
Sample characteristics.
| Characteristic | SCP (n = 26) | fNIRS (n = 21) | EMG (n = 20) | Test statistic; effect size (group comparison) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 33.62 ± 10.24 [range 22–53] | 31.24 ± 9.97 [range 18–50] | 33.65 ± 12.64 [range 18–56] | Kruskal–Wallis H = 0.93; n.s.; dCohen = 0.261 |
| Sex, male/female, no | 14/12 | 14/7 | 14/6 | Kruskal–Wallis H = 1.45; n.s.; dCohen = 0.187 |
| Handedness, right/left, no | 22/3# | 17/3# | 16/4 | Kruskal–Wallis H = 0.54; p = .763; dCohen = 0.306 |
| IQ, mean ± SD* | 106.46 ± 19.82 | 112.62 ± 17.68 | 110.50 ± 13.72 | F(2,64) = 0.76; n.s; ηp2 = 0.023 |
| WURS-K, mean ± SD | 36.46 ± 10.60 | 44.81 ± 11.08 | 42.10 ± 8.58 | F(2,64) = 4.13; p = .021; ηp2 = 0.114 Post-hoc Analysis: SCP versus fNIRS: t(45) = − 2.63; p = .012 |
| ADHS-SB Global, mean ± SD | 30.31 ± 6.70 | 34.83 ± 7.40 | 32.20 ± 6.19 | F(2,64) = 2.59; n.s; ηp2 = 0.075 |
| ADHS-SB Inattention, mean ± SD | 15.46 ± 4.61 | 17.71 ± 5.30 | 16.80 ± 3.65 | F(2,64) = 1.44; n.s; ηp2 = 0.043 |
| ADHS-SB Hyperactivity, mean ± SD | 7.88 ± 2.18 | 9.00 ± 3.52 | 8.25 ± 2.95 | F(2,64) = 0.88; n.s; ηp2 = 0.027 |
| ADHS-SB Impulsivity, mean ± SD | 6.96 ± 2.63 | 8.12 ± 2.39 | 7.15 ± 2.46 | F(2,64) = 1.36; n.s; ηp2 = 0.041 |
| WRI Global, mean ± SD | 38.50 ± 7.05 | 41.76 ± 7.34 | 40.15 ± 6.52 | F(2,64) = 1.27; n.s; ηp2 = 0.038 |
| WRI Inattention, mean ± SD | 8.58 ± 1.42 | 8.71 ± 1.49 | 8.70 ± 1.45 | F(2,64) = 0.07; n.s; ηp2 = 0.002 |
| WRI Hyperactivity, mean ± SD | 4.69 ± 1.16 | 5.38 ± 1.28 | 4.90 ± 1.02 | F(2,64) = 2.10; n.s; ηp2 = 0.061 |
| WRI Impulsivity, mean ± SD | 6.85 ± 2.28 | 6.95 ± 2.25 | 6.70 ± 1.49 | F(2,64) = 0.08; n.s; ηp2 = 0.002 |
| FEA current, mean ± SD§ | 23.78 ± 10.76 | 24.37 ± 11.46 | 24.00 ± 10.95 | F(2,64) = 0.02; n.s; ηp2 = 0.001 |
| FEA past, mean ± SD+ | 28.34 ± 5.24 | 30.96 ± 7.69 | 30.44 ± 9.51 | F(2,64) = 0.82; n.s; ηp2 = 0.025 |
| BDI, mean ± SD | 11.31 ± 7.31 | 11.71 ± 8.88 | 12.75 ± 7.45 | F(2,64) = 0.21; n.s; ηp2 = 0.007 |
| Medication (MPH/ATX/DEX) | 6 (6/0/0) | 7 (5/1/1) | 5 (5/0/0) | Kruskal–Wallis H = 0.66; n.s; dCohen = 0.292 |
Note. ADHS-SB = German ADHD self-rating scale for symptoms in adulthood35,36; ATX = Atomoxetine; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory47; dCohen = , effect size Cohen’s d; DEX = Dexamphetamine; MPH = Methylphenidate; n.s. = not significant; WRI = Wender-Reimherr-Interview35,36; WURS-K = short version of the German Wender Utah Rating Scale for ADHD childhood symptoms33,34; SD = standard deviation; ηp2 = partial Eta squared.
*IQ was assessed based on the Culture Fair Intelligence Test, Scale 2-revised (CFT-20-R)31.
#Information missing for 1 participant.
+Information missing for 32 participants.
§Information missing for 25 participants.