Table 4.
Determinants of body weight during pandemic confinements
| Determinants that can influence weight gain |
|---|
| Demographics |
| Female(21,34,39,43,52,64) |
| Baseline obese and overweight(21,23,24,25,37,38,42,44,49,64,67) |
| BMI < 24(36,49) |
| Age group > 45 years(24,38,53) |
| Age group < 25 years(24,40) |
| Having children under the age of 18 at home(51) |
| Changed work environment to working from home(20,40,57) |
| Work environment |
| Loss of job(20) |
| Interruption of work routine(20) |
| Changed work habits: furloughed or working from home(20) |
| Suspension of schools(48) |
| Dietary behaviours |
| Increased food consumption(23,33,34,37,38,39,44,67) |
| Decreased consumption of fresh food products (particularly fruits, vegetables and fish)(20,21,36,38,39) |
| Increased consumption of homemade recipes, sweets and pizza(22,23) |
| Increased home cooking(38) |
| Increased cereal consumption(20,22) |
| Consumption of unhealthy foods(21,23,24,34,37,39,41,43,44,51) |
| Poor attention to diet balance(22) |
| Snacking after dinner(20,25) |
| Binge eating(40,44) |
| Loss of control to eating(40) |
| Eating in response to stress as a coping mechanism(21,25) |
| Eating secondary to appearance and smell of food(25) |
| Emotional eating(21,42,44) |
| Increase in alcohol intake(34,36,38) |
| Psychological factors |
| Decreased sleep time(25,43) |
| Lower sleep quality(45,62) |
| Stress(22,26,44,55,56,58,59,61) |
| Boredom(22) |
| Living alone(22,34) |
| Anxiety/depression(23,58,41,61,64) |
| Depressive symptoms(34,40,44) |
| Mood disturbances(43) |
| Weight/shape concerns(37) |
| Socio-economic factors |
| Lack of garden(53) |
| Urban residence(51,60) |
| Lower education level(22,57) |
| Residence in a macroeconomic region > 50 % of EU-28 GDP(36) |
| Lower socio-economic level(47,57) |
| Physical inactivity |
| Physical activity before lockdown(52) |
| Decreased physical activity(23,24,26,33,34,37–41,44,43,46,47,49,53,55,56–60) |
| Limitations of outdoor and in-gym activities(20,22,34,42) |
| Increased screen/TV time(23,37,38,47,55–57) |
| Co-morbidities |
| Associated chronic illness(47,52,56,65,66) |
| Determinants that can be associated with weight loss |
| Underweight before confinement(24,36) |
| Younger age(36) |
| Remote work(36) |
| Urban residence(51,60) |
| Ate less(36) |
| Ate more fruits/vegetable(36) |
| Drank more water(36) |
| Ate more pulses/seafood/fish(36) |
| Did not consume alcohol(36) |
| Regular exercise before lockdown(63) |