Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of study population.
| Characteristics | All patients (n = 1141) | Male (n = 664) | Female (n = 477) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 71 (62–81) | 71 (62–82) | 73 (63–80) | 0.80 |
| Diseases, n (%) | ||||
| DM | 623 (54.6) | 351 (52.9) | 272 (57.0) | 0.16 |
| Chronic GN | 400 (35.1) | 230 (34.6) | 170 (35.6) | 0.73 |
| Hypertension | 875 (76.7) | 507 (76.4) | 368 (77.1) | 0.76 |
| CV disease | 248 (21.7) | 132 (19.9) | 116 (24.3) | 0.07 |
| Stroke | 123 (10.8) | 83 (12.5) | 40 (8.4) | 0.03* |
| Malignancy | 91 (8.0) | 50 (7.5) | 41 (8.6) | 0.51 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||||
| Never-smokers | 830 (72.7) | 389 (58.6) | 441 (92.5) | < 0.001* |
| Ex-smokers | 148 (13.0) | 134 (20.2) | 14 (2.9) | |
| Current smokers | 163 (14.3) | 141 (21.2) | 22 (4.6) | |
| Regular exercise, n (%) | 363 (31.8) | 232 (34.9) | 131 (27.5) | 0.01* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 (22.8–28.5) | 25.5 (23.0–28.3) | 25.4 (22.5–28.6) | 0.80 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.4 (9.9–12.9) | 12.0 (10.3–13.5) | 10.9 (9.6–12.0) | < 0.001* |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.0 (3.8–4.2) | 4.0 (3.8–4.3) | 4.0 (3.8–4.2) | 0.63 |
| TCH (mg/dL) | 161 (139–187) | 158 (137–182) | 168 (142–192) | < 0.001* |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 108 (92–141) | 107 (92–134) | 110 (91–150) | 0.20 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 33 (24–50) | 33 (24–49) | 34 (23–52) | 0.98 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.0 (1.4–3.1) | 2.1 (1.6–3.2) | 1.8 (1.2–3.0) | < 0.001* |
| eGFRcre (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 32 (18–46) | 33 (21–47) | 29 (17–45) | 0.01* |
| Cystatin C (mg/L) | 2.1 (1.6–3.0) | 2.1 (1.6–3.0) | 2.1 (1.5–3.2) | 0.97 |
| eGFRcys (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 27 (16–39) | 27 (18–38) | 25 (15–39) | 0.08 |
| UPCR (g/g) | 0.9 (0.2–2.7) | 0.8 (0.2–2.6) | 1.1 (0.3–2.8) | 0.01* |
| Sarcopenia indices | ||||
| Cr/CysC | 0.98 (0.83–1.15) | 1.05 (0.90–1.21) | 0.89 (0.76–1.04) | < 0.001* |
| eGFRcys/eGFRcre | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) | 0.88 (0.72–1.14) | 0.92 (0.76–1.09) | < 0.001* |
| eGFRDiff | − 2.9 (− 9.0 to 1.3) | − 3.5 (− 9.7 to 1.0) | − 2.1 (− 7.6 to 1.9) | 0.01* |
| Cr × eGFRcys | 55.6 (45.4–67.0) | 60.3 (50.7–72.1) | 48.5 (40.5–58.6) | < 0.001* |
Values for continuous variables are given as means ± standard deviations or medians and interquartile ranges. Categorical variables are expressed as numbers (%).
DM diabetes mellitus, GN glomerulonephritis, CV cardiovascular, BMI body mass index, TCH total cholesterol, BUN blood urea nitrogen, eGFRcre estimated glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine, eGFRcys estimated glomerular filtration rate from serum cystatin C, UPCR urine protein/creatinine ratio, eGFRDiff eGFRcys − eGFRcre.
*p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant between male and female patients.