Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants
| N(%) or mean (SD) | PAE (n=41) | Control (n=43) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 11.54 (2.35) | 11.95 (2.62) | 0.45 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 20 (48.8%) | 23 (53.5%) | 0.67 |
| Female | 21 (51.2%) | 20 (46.5%) | |
| Race | |||
| White | 18 (43.9%) | 42 (97.7%) | <0.001 |
| Black or African American | 4 (9.8%) | 0 (0 %) | |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 2 (4.9%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Asian | 2 (4.9%) | 0 (0 %) | |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 1 (2.4%) | 0 (0 %) | |
| More than One Race | 14 (34.1%) | 1 (2.3%) | |
| FSIQ | 92 (14.76) | 115 (12.32) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol Exposure | |||
| Confirmed | 37 (90.2%) | ||
| Suspected | 4 (9.8%) | ||
| Other Drug Exposure | |||
| None | 7 (17.1%) | ||
| Confirmed | 21 (51.2%) | ||
| Suspected | 13 (31.7%) | ||
| Dysmorphic Facial Features | |||
| Lip (score 4 or 5) | 10 (24.4%) | 3 (7.0%) | 0.13 |
| Philtrum (score 4 or 5) | 15 (36.6%) | 3 (7.0%) | 0.01 |
| Palpebral Fissure (≤10th percentile) | 4 (9.8%) | 3 (7.0%) | 0.95 |
| ≥ 2 Facial Features Present | 12 (30.0%) | 1 (2.3%) | 0.001 |
| Growth Deficiency (≤10thpercentile) | |||
| Height | 5 (12.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.05 |
| Weight | 2 (4.9%) | 3 (7.0%) | 0.39 |
| Deficient Brain Growth (≤10thpercentile) | |||
| Occipital-Frontal Circumference (OFC) | 4 (9.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.08 |
| IOM Diagnostic Category | |||
| FAS | 2 (4.9%) | ||
| Partial FAS | 11 (26.8%) | ||
| ARND | 28 (68.3%) | ||
Note: Six participants in the PAE group and 11 participants in the control group did not have available physical exam information. The four participants with suspected alcohol exposure were included for the following reasons: two met criteria for pFAS, one had adoption records indicating maternal alcohol use, and the final participant had a biological sibling with an FASD diagnosis along with record of the biological mother’s alcohol abuse.