Table 1.
Characteristics of Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis for Cortisol Levels in Children with ADHD.
| Studies | ADHD, n (male, %) | TD, n (male, %) | Med (%)* | Age (yrs), mean (SD), or age range | Country | Sample Origin, Time |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jansen (1999) [79] | 10 (100) | 15 (86.7) | NS | ADHD: 9.8 (1.5) TD: 10 (2.0) | NL | S, PM |
| Snoek (2004) [80] | 23 (82.6) | 26 (76.9) | 73.9 | ADHD: 9.8 (1.4) TD: 10.3 (1.3) | NL | S, PM |
| White (2005) [81] | 12 (83) | 21 (79) | 0 | ADHD: 5–12 TD: 6–13 | USA | S, PM |
| Blomqvist (2007) [82] | 18 (83.3) | 71 (66.2) | 16.7 | 13 | Sweden | S, AM PM |
| Randazzo (2008) [83] | 13 (61.5) | 19 (31.6) | 0 | Boys: 9–13 Girls: 8–12 | USA | S, PM |
| Freitag (2009) [84] | 52 (79) | 69 (48) | 37$ | ADHD: 9.4 (1.7) TD: 10.0 (1.5) | Germany | S, AM |
| Maldonado (2009) [85] | 33 (45.5) | 33 (57.6) | 0 | ADHD: 6.5 (.15) TD: 6.2 (.13) | Spain | S, AM |
| Van West (2009) [86] | 52 (86.5) | 25 (80) | 0 | ADHD: 8.5 (1.8) TD: 8.9 (1.5) | Belgium | S, PM |
| Christiansen (2010) [87] | 62 (NS) | 61 (NS) | 37.1 | ADHD: 10.6 (2.8) TD: 10.5 (2.7) | Germany | S, AM |
| Ma (2011) [88] | 128 (100) | 30 (100) | NS | ADHD: 9.6 (2.4) TD:10.2 (3.3) | China | B, AM |
| McCarthy (2011) [89] | 28 (66) | 334 (48) | 75.9 | 4–10 | USA | S, AM |
| Wang (2011) [90] | 50 (80) | 50 (80) | 0 | ADHD: 7.6 (1.6) TD:7.8 (1.5) | Taiwan | S, AM |
| Imeraj (2012) [91] | 11 (82) | 33 (79) | 0@ | ADHD: 8.8 (1.5) TD: 8.9 (1.6) | Belgium | S, D |
| Isaksson (2012) [92] | 161 (75.6) | 168 (41.6) | 89 | 6–17 | Sweden | S, D |
| Kuppili (2017) [93] | 30 (93) | 30 (93) | 0 | ADHD: 9.47 (2.43) TD: 10.30 (2.79) | India | B, AM |
| Angeli (2018) [94] | 42 (78.6) | 40 (62.5) | 0 | ADHD: 8.4 (1.9) TD:8.1 (1.7) | Greece | S, D |
| Isik (2018) [95] | 77 (74) | 42 (69) | 0 | ADHD: 10.2 (2.1) TD: 10.9 (2.8) | Turkey | B, AM |
| Anesiadou (2021) [96] | 34 (65) | 24 (67) | 0 | ADHD: 8.79 (1.43) TD: 9.74 (1.98) | Greece | S,D |
| Chang (2020) [97] | 95 (86) | 21 (71) | 0 | ADHD: 9.32 (3.05) TD: 9.19 (2.96) | Taiwan | S, D |
Note, ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, AM morning, B blood, D diurnal, N number, NL Netherlands, NS not specified, PM afternoon, S saliva, SD standard deviation, TD typically developing youth, yrs years.
*Indicates % of ADHD medication use in ADHD group; $Indicates no meds prior to sampling; @Indicates no meds 72 h prior to sampling.