Table 3.
Changes in cytokine production in NP-induced innate memory responses.
| Priming1 | Cytokine2 | Donors3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LPS | NP | D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | |
| No | AuNP SPH | TNFα | + | = | = | nt |
| IL-6 | + | + | = | nt | ||
| IL-10 | + | = | + | nt | ||
| IL-1Ra | + | = | = | nt | ||
| AuNP ROD | TNFα | = | = | = | nt | |
| IL-6 | + | = | − | nt | ||
| IL-10 | + | = | + | nt | ||
| IL-1Ra | + | = | = | nt | ||
| FeOxNP 17 | TNFα | nt | = | − | − | |
| IL-6 | nt | = | − | + | ||
| IL-10 | nt | = | = | + | ||
| IL-1Ra | nt | + | = | + | ||
| FeOxNP 22 | TNFα | nt | = | − | + | |
| IL-6 | nt | + | − | = | ||
| IL-10 | nt | = | = | + | ||
| IL-1Ra | nt | = | = | + | ||
| Yes | AuNP SPH | TNFα | + | = | + | nt |
| IL-6 | = | = | = | nt | ||
| IL-10 | + | = | = | nt | ||
| IL-1Ra | + | + | = | nt | ||
| AuNP ROD | TNFα | + | = | + | nt | |
| IL-6 | + | = | = | nt | ||
| IL-10 | + | = | = | nt | ||
| IL-1Ra | + | + | = | nt | ||
| FeOxNP 17 | TNFα | nt | = | = | − | |
| IL-6 | nt | + | − | + | ||
| IL-10 | nt | = | = | + | ||
| IL-1Ra | nt | + | = | = | ||
| FeOxNP 22 | TNFα | nt | − | = | − | |
| IL-6 | nt | = | = | = | ||
| IL-10 | nt | = | = | + | ||
| IL-1Ra | nt | − | = | = | ||
1 Human monocytes were primed in vitro with NP alone or in the presence of 1 ng/mL LPS for 24 h, then washed, rested for 6 days and eventually challenged for 24 h with 5 ng/mL LPS.
2 The two inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6, and the two anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-1Ra were measured in the 24 h supernatant of LPS-challenged monocytes.
3 The NP effects on memory responses were assessed in four individual donors, indicated as D1, D2, D3 and D4, and expressed as statistically significant changes (increase, +; decrease, −; no change, =) vs. control cells (medium-primed or LPS-primed). Actual values are shown in Figure 3.
nt, not tested.