Table 4.
Individual profiling of the NP-induced innate memory responses.
| NP1 | Donor | Memory profiling2 upon priming with3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NP | LPS + NP | ||||
| AuNP SPH | D1 | 2+/2− | Balance | 1+/2−/1= | Towards Tolerance |
| D2 | 1+/3= | Towards Potentiation | 1−/3= | Towards Tolerance | |
| D3 | 1−/3= | Towards Tolerance | 1+/3= | Towards Potentiation | |
| AuNP ROD | D1 | 1+/2−/1= | Towards Tolerance | 2+/2− | Balance |
| D2 | 4= | Balance | 1−/3= | Towards Tolerance | |
| D3 | 2−/2= | Tolerance | 1+/3= | Towards Potentiation | |
| FeOxNP 17 | D2 | 1−/3= | Towards Tolerance | 1+/1−/2= | Balance |
| D3 | 2−/2= | Tolerance | 1−/3= | Towards Tolerance | |
| D4 | 1+/3− | Tolerance | 1+/2−/1= | Towards Tolerance | |
| FeOxNP 22 | D2 | 1+/3= | Towards Potentiation | 1+/1−/2= | Balance |
| D3 | 2−/2= | Tolerance | 4= | Balance | |
| D4 | 1+/2−/1= | Towards Tolerance | 2−/2= | Tolerance | |
1The four types of NP used for priming (memory induction) are indicated.
2The overall NP effects on memory responses are described as potentiation (i.e., increased inflammation/immunostimulation) or tolerance (i.e., increased anti-inflammation/immunosuppression) or balance, based on the changes in the production of inflammation-related cytokines in comparison to control cells (all listed in Table 3). For the individual memory profiling, four cytokines were assessed in cells from each donor and their NP-induced memory changes indicated as + (when observing an increase in the production of the inflammatory factors TNFα and IL-6, or a decrease in the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-1Ra), − (when observing a decrease in the production of the inflammatory factors TNFα and IL-6, or an increase in the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-1Ra) or = (no change in the cytokine production). Cytokines were measured in the 24 h supernatant of LPS-challenged monocytes. Potentiation and tolerance were considered clear when at least 2/4 parameters were changed in the same direction, and as a tendency when only 1/4 parameters was changed.
3The memory responses were assessed in cells primed with NP alone or NP and LPS and all challenged with LPS.