Table 1.

List of studies discussed in this review that include clinical application of analytical methods

Study	Year	Sample size	Setting	Conditions and pathogens studied	Analytical method	Sample matrix	Sample method
Respiratory infections
Nasir et al	2018	60	Single-center, UK	Cystic fibrosis (P. aeruginosa, S. aureus)	GCxGC-TOF–MS	BAL1	Direct analysis
Coronel Teixeira et al	2017	106	Single-center, Paraguay	Tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)	e-nose	Breath	Direct analysis
Zetola et al	2017	71	Single-center, Botswana	Tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)	e-nose	Breath	Pre-collected, sampling bags
Van Oort et al	2017	93	Single-center, Netherlands	VAP2	GC–MS	Breath	Pre-collected, sampling bags
Gao et al	2016	60	Single-center, PR China	VAP2 (A. baumanii)	GC–MS	Breath	Pre-collected, desorption tubes
Neerincx et al	2016	18	Single-center, Netherlands	Cystic fibrosis (S. aureus)	GC–MS	Breath	Pre-collected, sampling bags
Sahota et al	2016	21	Single-center, UK	Tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)	FAIMS	Breath	Pre-collected, sampling bags
Fowler et al	2015	46	Single-center, UK	Lower airway infections	GC–MS	Breath	Pre-collected, desorption tubes
Kramer et al	2015	11	Single-center, Germany	Cystic fibrosis (P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, C. albicans, A. xylososidans)	GC–MS	Breath	SPME
Schnabel et al	2015	100	Single-center, Netherlands	VAP2	GC-TOF–MS	Breath	Pre-collected, sampling bags
Filipiak et al	2014	28	Single-center, Austria	VAP2 (S. aureus, C. albicans, E. coli)	GC-TOF–MS	Breath	Pre-collected, desorption tubes
Nakhleh et al	2014	198	Multi-center, Rep. of South Africa	Tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)	e-nose	Breath	Pre-collected, desorption tubes
Gilchrist et al	2013	20	Single-center, UK	Cystic fibrosis (P. aeruginosa, S. aureus)	SIFT-MS	Breath	Direct analysis
Goeminne et al	2012	28	Single-center, Belgium	Cystic fibrosis (P. aeruginosa)	GC–MS	Sputum	SPME
Gastrointestinal infections
Berkhout et al	2019	843	Multi-center, Netherlands/Belgium	Neonatal late-onset sepsis	FAIMS	Stool	Direct headspace sampling
Patel et al	2019	106	Single-center, UK	CDI4 (C. difficile)	GC-TOF–MS	Stool	Pre-collected headspace, desorption tubes
Arasaradnam et al	2016	76	Single-center, UK	IBD3	FAIMS	Breath	Pre-collected, sampling bags
Bromers et al	2015	213	Two-center, Netherlands	CDI4 (C. difficile)	FAIMS	Stool	Direct headspace sampling
Arasaradnam et al	2013	62	Single-center, UK	IBD3	e-nose, FAIMS	Urine	Direct headspace sampling
Garner et al	2009	9	Single-center, Bangladesh	Cholera (V. cholera)	GC–MS	Stool	SPME
Lechner et al	2005	25	Single-center, Austria	Gastritis (H. pylori)	PTR-MS	Breath	Pre-Collected, Sampling bags
Bloodstream infections
Zhong et al	2019	46	Single-center, PR China	BSI5 (E. coli)	CDI-MS	Blood	SPME
Chingin et al	2015	130	Single-center, PR China	BSI5 (S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, A. baumanii, P. aeruginosa)	APCI-MS	Blood	Direct headspace sampling
Other infections
Daulton et al	2020	19	Single-center, UK	Wound infection	GC-IMS	Wound dressing	Direct headspace sampling
Lacey et al	2020	243	Single-center, UK	Maternal streptococcal colonization (group B streptococci)	GC-IMS	Vaginal swabs	Direct headspace sampling
Kviatkovski et al	2018	26	Single-center, Israel	Otitis externa (P. aeruginosa)	GC–MS	Pus samples	Pre-collected, desorption tubes
Blankenstein et al	2015	57	Single-center, Germany	Bacterial vaginosis	IMS	Vaginal swabs	Direct headspace sampling
Roine et al	2014	101	Single-center, Finland	UTI6 (E. coli, S. saprophyticus, E. faecalis, Klebsiella spp.)	e-nose	Urine	Direct headspace sampling
Chaim et al	2003	174	Single-center, Israel	Bacterial vaginosis	IMS	Vaginal swabs	Direct headspace sampling

¹BAL bronchoalveolar lavage; ²VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia; ³IBD inflammatory bowel disease; ⁴CDI Clostridoides difficile infection; ⁵BSI bloodstream infection; ⁶UTI urinary tract infection