Table 2.

Comparison of onychoscopic features between connective tissue diseases and healthy controls.

Onychoscopic features	SLE ( N = 54)	DM ( N = 32)	SSc ( N = 51)	p -Value (among CTDs)	Controls ( N = 108)	p -Value (CTDs vs. controls)
Tortous capillaries N (%)	48 (88.8%)	31 (96.8%)	50 (98%)	0.125	96 (88.8%)	0.125
Bushy capillaries N (%)	27 (50%)	21 (65.6%)	10 (19.6%)	<0.001*	4 (3.7%)	<0.001*
Elongated capillaries N (%)	12 (22.2%)	3 (9.3%)	4 (7.8%)	0.073	4 (3.7%)	0.003*
Subpapillary plexus N (%)	28 (51.8%)	9 (28.1%)	8 (15.6%)	<0.001*	15 (13.8%)	<0.001*
Hemorrhage N (%)	10 (18.5%)	11 (34.4%)	26 (50.9%)	0.002*	3 (2.7%)	<0.001*
Enlarged capillaries N (%)	25 (46.2%)	21 (65.6%)	38 (74.5%)	0.01*	27 (25%)	<0.001*
Disorganized capillaries N (%)	43 (79.6%)	31 (96.8%)	46 (90.1%)	0.05	21 (19.4%)	<0.001*
Avascular areas N (%)	41 (75.9%)	30 (93.7%)	49 (96%)	0.004*	10 (9.2%)	<0.001*
Density (mean ± SD)	6.83 ± 1.95	5.31 ± 1.86	5.09 ± 1.69	0.592	7.43 ± 1.20	<0.001*

CTDs, connective tissue diseases; DM, dermatomyositis; SD, standard deviation; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SSc, systemic sclerosis.

^*Statistically significant.