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. 2021 Aug 6;9:584182. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.584182

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Copyright © 2021 Mason, Maudsley, McHale, Pennington, Day and Barr.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Forest plot of study estimates of the association between comorbidities and composite severe endpoint (death, intensive care unit admission, severe or critical symptoms, or invasive mechanical ventilation) among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the early stages of the pandemic. Reference category for each comorbidity is the absence of that comorbidity, except where stated otherwise. ICU, intensive care unit; HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. All estimates adjusted for age. Additionally adjusted for: smoking [sm]; sex [s]; other comorbidities [c]; ethnicity [e].