Table 2.

Virtual Reality Therapy Effects, Mean (Standard Deviation)

	Virtual reality							Control
	Preintervention	Postintervention	Cohen's d	95 percent CI	t	df	p	Preintervention	Postintervention	Cohen's d	95 percent CI	t	df	p
HADS	19.47 (4.30)	15.73 (5.78)	0.92	1.48 to 5.98	3.56	14	0.003	19.29 (5.06)	19.82 (5.07)	−0.50	−1.10 to 0.49	−1.94	16	0.07
HADS-anxiety	10.47 (2.50)	8.80 (3.14)	0.75	0.43 to 2.90	2.90	14	0.01	10.06 (3.88)	10.47 (3.87)	−0.58	−0.78 to −0.06	−2.38	16	0.03
HADS-depression	9.00 (2.39)	6.93 (3.01)	0.89	0.78 to 3.35	4.46	14	0.003	9.24 (2.41)	9.35 (2.50)	−0.15	−0.52 to 0.28	−0.62	16	0.54
PSQ	64.73 (15.03)	56.47 (19.57)	0.67	1.41 to 15.12	2.59	14	0.02	72.11 (11.90)	73.94 (11.79)	−0.45	−3.92 to 0.27	−1.84	16	0.08
Emotional tension	25.93 (5.39)	21.00 (7.12)	1.31	2.84 to 7.02	5.07	14	0.0001	27.70 (3.65)	28.65 (4.50)	−0.35	−2.32 to 0.44	−1.45	16	0.16
External stress	17.00 (5.28)	16.40 (6.14)	0.10	−2.72 to 3.92	0.39	14	0.70	20.70 (5.31)	20.94 (5.60)	−0.23	−0.77 to 0.30	−0.94	16	0.36
Intrapsychic stress	21.80 (6.89)	19.07 (7.89)	0.62	0.29 to 5.18	2.40	14	0.03	23.71 (5.33)	24.35 (4.24)	−0.35	−1.61 to 0.31	−1.43	16	0.17

CI: confidence interval; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; PSQ, Perception of Stress Questionnaire.