Table 4.

Post hoc tests of times in each news group.

Group	Comparison	Mean difference	t	DF	Corrected-p	Cohen's d	Magnitudea
Overall score
Negative	Pre vs. post news	-5.75	-6.96	120	<0.001⁎⁎⁎	-0.63	Moderate
Negative	Pre vs. post pause	2.79	3.38	120	0.006⁎⁎	0.31	Small
Negative	Post news vs. post pause	8.55	8.92	120	<0.001⁎⁎⁎	0.81	Large
Positive	Pre vs. post news	2.5	5.03	123	<0.001⁎⁎⁎	0.45	Small
Positive	Pre vs. post pause	5.45	7.5	123	<0.001⁎⁎⁎	0.67	Moderate
Positive	Post news vs. post pause	2.95	5.53	123	<0.001⁎⁎⁎	0.5	Small
Positive score
Negative	Pre vs. post news	4.03	8.38	120	<0.001⁎⁎⁎	0.76	Moderate
Negative	Pre vs. post pause	1.52	3.84	120	0.001⁎	0.35	Small
Negative	Post news vs. post pause	-2.51	-6.11	120	<0.001⁎⁎⁎	-0.56	Moderate
Positive	Pre vs. post news	-0.72	-2.58	123	0.066	-0.23	Small
Positive	Pre vs. post pause	-0.64	-1.99	123	0.294	-0.18	Negligible
Positive	Post news vs. post pause	0.08	0.37	123	1.00	0.03	Negligible
Negative score
Negative	Pre vs. post news	-1.72	-2.95	120	0.024⁎	-0.27	Small
Negative	Pre vs. post pause	4.31	6.16	120	<0.001⁎⁎⁎	0.56	Moderate
Negative	Post news vs. post pause	6.03	8.62	120	<0.001⁎⁎⁎	0.78	Moderate
Positive	Pre vs. post news	1.78	4.51	123	<0.001⁎⁎⁎	0.4	Small
Positive	Pre vs. post pause	4.81	8.21	123	<0.001⁎⁎⁎	0.74	Moderate
Positive	Post news vs. post pause	3.03	6.78	123	<0.001⁎⁎⁎	0.61	Moderate

Note. The results in this table refer to pairwise tests comparing the Times in each News group. DF = Degrees of freedom.

^aMagnitude of the effect size: negligible |d| < 0.2; small |d| <0.5; moderate |d| < 0.8; large |d| ≥ 08.

^⁎p < 0.05.

^⁎⁎p < 0.01.

^⁎⁎⁎p < 0.001.