Table 3. Adjusted Associations of Maternal BMI (Continuous, per 5 kg/m2) at Different Time Points With Child Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomesa.
| Cognitive and behavioral outcomes | Estimate (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| First trimester, from prenatal record (n = 2346) | 6.5 y, self-reported (n = 10 455) | 11.5 y, research measure (n = 6398) | |
| WASI IQ at 6.5 y | |||
| Full | −0.34 (−1.03 to 0.35) | −0.31 (−0.59 to −0.03) | −0.08 (−0.35 to 0.19) |
| Performance | −0.88 (−1.63 to −1.13) | −0.34 (−0.63 to −0.05) | −0.06 (−0.34 to 0.22) |
| Verbal | 0.18 (−0.52 to 0.87) | −0.24 (−0.54 to 0.06) | −0.08 (−0.37 to 0.20) |
| SDQ parent report at 6.5 yb | |||
| Total difficulties | 0.01 (−0.27 to 0.28) | 0.12 (0.01 to 0.23) | 0.09 (−0.02 to 0.19) |
| Internalizing | −0.03 (−0.19 to 0.14) | 0.10 (0.03 to 0.16) | 0.08 (0.01 to 0.14) |
| Externalizing | 0.03 (−0.14 to 0.21) | 0.02 (−0.05 to 0.09) | 0.01 (−0.06 to 0.08) |
| Prosocial | 0.10 (0.01 to 0.18) | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.08) | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.08) |
| SDQ teacher report at 6.5 yb | |||
| Total difficulties | 0.28 (−0.06 to 0.61) | 0.04 (−0.10 to 0.17) | 0.09 (−0.03 to 0.22) |
| Internalizing | 0.10 (−0.09 to 0.28) | −0.01 (−0.08 to 0.06) | 0.04 (−0.03 to 0.11) |
| Externalizing | 0.18 (−0.05 to 0.41) | 0.05 (−0.04 to 0.14) | 0.05 (−0.03 to 0.14) |
| Prosocial | −0.10 (−0.23 to 0.03) | 0.03 (−0.03 to 0.08) | −0.03 (−0.08 to 0.02) |
| Neurotrax at 16 y | |||
| Standardized score | −0.16 (−1.88 to 0.23) | −0.61 (−0.94 to −0.28) | −0.56 (−0.87 to −0.25) |
| Attention | −0.43 (−1.27 to 0.42) | −0.51 (−0.85 to −0.18) | −0.47 (−0.79 to −0.16) |
| Executive function | −0.59 (−1.43 to 0.26) | −0.34 (−0.68 to −0.02) | −0.42 (−0.73 to −0.11) |
| Processing speed | −0.77 (−1.64 to 0.10) | −0.33 (−0.68 to 0.02) | −0.21 (−0.55 to 0.12) |
| Memory | −0.59 (−1.43 to 0.25) | −0.50 (−0.74 to −0.06) | −0.28 (−0.60 to 0.04) |
| Motor skills | −0.37 (−1.20 to 0.46) | −0.21 (−0.54 to 0.12) | −0.41 (−0.71 to −0.09) |
| Verbal function | −1.29 (−2.12 to −0.45) | −0.69 (−1.03 to −0.36) | −0.62 (−0.94 to −0.31) |
| Visual/spatial | −0.76 (−1.59 to 0.07) | −0.23 (−0.57 to 0.11) | −0.16 (−0.49 to 0.16) |
| National examination scoresb | |||
| 9-y examination scores | −0.05 (−0.15 to 0.05) | −0.05 (−0.09 to −0.01) | −0.02 (−0.06 to 0.02) |
| 11-y examination scores | −0.11 (−0.18 to −0.03) | −0.03 (−0.06 to 0.00003) | −0.03 (−0.06 to −0.004) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; IQ, intelligence quotient; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence.
a
Results from mixed effects linear regression models corrected for clustering within polyclinics and adjusted for geographic location maternal age, height, and smoking; maternal and paternal education and occupation; number of older siblings; child sex; and treatment group.
b
Ranges: SDQ total difficulties 0-40; internalizing and externalizing behaviors 0-20; prosocial behaviors 0-10; national examination scores 2.5-10.