Table 1.
Drugs Detected in Umbilical Cord Tissue Specimens.
| Total n | Overall, % | Of drugs, % | Epoch 1 n | Overall, % | Epoch 2 n | Overall, % | Epoch 1 vs 2 % Change, % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total UCTDA orders | 6051 | 3021 | 3030 | |||||
| Live births | 6100 | 3063 | 3037 | |||||
| % Births with UCTDA | 99.2 | 98.6 | 99.8 | |||||
| Positive specimensa | 1357 | 22 | 753 | 25 | 604 | 20 | −20 | |
| Opioidsb | 279 | 5 | 42 | 91 | 3 | 188 | 6 | +107 |
| Codeine | 23 | 0.4 | 3.5 | 12 | 0.4 | 11 | 0.4 | −8 |
| Dihydrocodeine | 4 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 2 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.1 | NC |
| Hydrocodone | 91 | 1.5 | 13.7 | 15 | 0.5 | 76 | 2.5 | +407 |
| Meperidine | 12 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 9 | 0.3 | 3 | 0.1 | NC |
| Heroin | 6 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 4 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.1 | NC |
| Oxycodone and/or oxymorphone | 110 | 1.8 | 16.5 | 25 | 0.8 | 85 | 2.8 | +240 |
| Tramadol | 33 | 0.5 | 5.0 | 24 | 0.8 | 9 | 0.3 | −63 |
| Stimulants | 189 | 3 | 28 | 30 | 1 | 159 | 5 | +430 |
| Amphetamines | 113 | 1.8 | 17 | 16 | 0.6 | 97 | 3.2 | +506 |
| Cocaine | 74 | 1.2 | 11.1 | 12 | 0.4 | 62 | 2.0 | +417 |
| Phentermine | 2 | <0.1 | 0.3 | 2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | NC |
| Sedatives/Hypnotics | 197 | 3 | 30 | 118 | 4 | 79 | 3 | −33 |
| Alprazolam | 27 | 0.4 | 4.1 | 11 | 0.4 | 16 | 0.5 | +45 |
| Butalbital | 14 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 11 | 0.4 | 3 | 0.1 | −73 |
| Clonazepam | 29 | 0.5 | 4.4 | 12 | 0.4 | 17 | 0.6 | +42 |
| Diazepam | 19 | 0.3 | 2.9 | 11 | 0.4 | 8 | 0.3 | −27 |
| Lorazepam | 3 | <0.1 | 0.5 | 3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.0 | NC |
| Midazolam | 16 | 0.3 | 2.4 | 8 | 0.3 | 8 | 0.3 | NC |
| Phenobarbital | 8 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 8 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.0 | NC |
| Temazepam | 4 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 1 | <0.1 | 3 | 0.1 | NC |
| Zolpidem | 77 | 1.3 | 11.6 | 53 | 1.8 | 24 | 0.8 | −55 |
| Total drugs detecteda | 665 | 239 | 426 | +78 |
NC, no change.
a
Given the retrospective nature of data capture and categorization and the exclusion of THC from the report, the number of positive specimens and the total number of drugs detected are not equal.
b
Four opioids (FEN, MOR, BUP, and MTD) have been separated and summarized separately in Table 2 given common use for pain control in labor and delivery and SUD maintenance programs.