Table 3.
Univariate analysis of factors associated with CHE.
| Characteristics of the respondents | Total | CHE | Standard error | χ2 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | ||||
| Income quintilea | 766.742 | <0.001 | |||
| Quintile 1 | 18,714 (20.00) | 3,703 (19.80) | 0.0029 | ||
| Quintile 2 | 18,714 (20.00) | 2,643 (14.10) | 0.0025 | ||
| Quintile 3 | 18,714 (20.00) | 2,369 (12.70) | 0.0024 | ||
| Quintile 4 | 18,714 (20.00) | 2,020 (10.80) | 0.0023 | ||
| Quintile 5 | 18,714 (20.00) | 2,270 (12.10) | 0.0024 | ||
| Household size | 2,379.113 | <0.001 | |||
| ≤ 2 | 41,633 (44.50) | 8,350 (20.10) | 0.0020 | ||
| 3−4 | 39,289 (42.00) | 3,466 (8.80) | 0.0014 | ||
| ≥5 | 12,648 (13.50) | 1,189 (9.40) | 0.0026 | ||
| Region | 33.961 | <0.001 | |||
| Eastern | 31,201 (33.30) | 4,046 (13.00) | 0.0019 | ||
| Central | 31,186 (33.30) | 4,489 (14.40) | 0.0020 | ||
| Western | 31,183 (33.30) | 4,470 (14.30) | 0.0020 | ||
| Location | 136.568 | <0.001 | |||
| Urban | 46,798 (50.00) | 5,886 (12.60) | 0.0015 | ||
| Rural | 46,772 (50.00) | 7,119 (15.20) | 0.0017 | ||
| Gender | 24.709 | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 69,826 (74.60) | 9,476 (13.60) | 0.0013 | ||
| Female | 23,744 (25.40) | 3,529 (14.90) | 0.0023 | ||
| Marital status of the head of household | 550.394 | <0.001 | |||
| Married | 78,751 (84.20) | 10,039 (12.70) | 0.0012 | ||
| Others | 14,819 (15.80) | 2,966 (20.00) | 0.0033 | ||
| Educational level of the head of household | 2,327.951 | <0.001 | |||
| Illiterate | 9,904 (10.60) | 2,548 (25.70) | 0.0044 | ||
| Primary school | 26,556 (28.40) | 4,691 (17.70) | 0.0023 | ||
| Junior high school | 33,742 (36.10) | 3,867 (11.50) | 0.0017 | ||
| Senior high school and technical school | 11,800 (12.60) | 1,120 (9.50) | 0.0027 | ||
| Technical secondary school and above | 11,568 (12.40) | 779 (6.70) | 0.0023 | ||
| Employment status of the head of household | 2,635.196 | <0.001 | |||
| Employed | 64,026 (68.40) | 6,593 (10.30) | 0.0012 | ||
| Retired | 16,164 (17.30) | 2,889 (17.90) | 0.0030 | ||
| unemployed and students | 13,380 (14.30) | 3,523 (26.30) | 0.0038 | ||
| Medical insurance of the head of household | 404.361 | <0.001 | |||
| UEBMI | 23,919 (25.60) | 2,779 (11.60) | 0.0021 | ||
| URBMI | 6,847 (7.30) | 986 (14.40) | 0.0042 | ||
| NCMS | 43,362 (46.30) | 6,816 (15.70) | 0.0017 | ||
| IBMIUR | 12,060 (12.90) | 1,774 (14.70) | 0.0032 | ||
| Mixed medical insurance | 4,811 (5.1%) | 374 (7.80) | 0.0039 | ||
| Other types and none | 2,571 (2.7%) | 276(10.70) | 0.0061 | ||
| Households including members aged above 60 years | 3,593.430 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 52,792 (56.40) | 4,192 (7.90) | 0.0012 | ||
| Yes | 40,778 (43.60) | 8,813 (21.60) | 0.0020 | ||
| Households including members aged below 5 years | 395.525 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 77,239 (82.50) | 11,534 (14.90) | 0.0013 | ||
| Yes | 16,331 (17.50) | 1,471 (9.00) | 0.0022 | ||
| Number of patients with chronic diseases | 4,182.198 | <0.001 | |||
| 0 | 52,793 (56.40) | 4,048 (7.70) | 0.0012 | ||
| 1 | 30,316 (32.40) | 6,175 (20.40) | 0.0023 | ||
| ≥2 | 10,461 (11.20) | 2,782 (26.60) | 0.0043 | ||
| Number of hospitalized members | 7,552.608 | <0.001 | |||
| 0 | 74,641 (79.80) | 6,711 (9.00) | 0.0010 | ||
| 1 | 16,795 (17.90) | 5,415 (32.20) | 0.0036 | ||
| ≥2 | 2,134 (2.30) | 879 (41.20) | 0.0107 | ||
| Preferred institutional grade for common diseases | 26.674 | <0.001 | |||
| Primary hospital | 75,833 (81.00) | 10,754 (14.20) | 0.0013 | ||
| Non-primary hospital | 17,737 (19.00) | 2,251 (12.70) | 0.0025 | ||
| Whether there is a member go to clinic in 2 weeks | 1,254.815 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 18,564 (19.80) | 8,930 (11.90) | 0.0024 | ||
| Yes | 75,006 (80.20) | 4,075 (22.00) | 0.0015 | ||
| Member not hospitalized despite the need for it | 1,443.631 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 89,516 (95.70) | 1,382 (34.10) | 0.0016 | ||
| Yes | 4,054 (4.30) | 11,623 (13.00) | 0.0053 | ||
| Member not seeing a doctor despite the need for it | 1,875.437 | <0.001 | |||
| No | 66,440 (71.00) | 5,850 (21.60) | 0.0016 | ||
| Yes | 27,130 (29.00) | 7,155 (10.80) | 0.0019 |
a
Quintile 1 is the poorest, 20%, and quintile 5 is the wealthiest, 20%.