TABLE 1.

Types of additive manufacturing processes and their general features.

AM technique	Process	Compatible materials	Advantages	Disadvantages
Fused deposition modeling (FDM)	Extrusion-based	PLA PCL β-TCP	High mechanical strength. No excess material inside scaffold.	Thermal processing. Low printing resolution (>100 μm).
Stereolithography apparatus (SLA)	Laser-assisted	HA CA	Cell and bioink carrier potential. Internal resolution.	Limited material diversity.
Selective laser sintering (SLS)	Laser-assisted	PCL PLA HA	No support structure necessary	Thermal processing
Three-dimensional printing (3DP)	Binder jetting	PCL	No heat or support structure necessary.	Low mechanical strength.
Melt electrospinning	Fiber-based	PCL	Tunable fiber thickness (<20 μm). High architectural control.	Limited material diversity.

PLA, polylactic acid; PCL, polycaprolactone; TCP, tricalcium phosphate; HA, hydroxyapatite; CA, ceramic acrylate.