Fig. 2.

Applications of cardiac tissue engineering. Engineered human cardiac tissue derived from iPSCs offer unique opportunities for both basic and clinical research by bridging the gap between conventional 2D monolayers and animal models. Continued improvements in the scalability and physiological maturation of engineered cardiac tissues will enable: (i) complex disease modeling in a dish to unmask pathological phenotypes that are otherwise difficult to observe in 2D models, (ii) high-throughput systematic investigation of tissue-level responses to drugs and environmental pollutants/stressors, and (iii) novel cardiac regenerative therapies with improved cell retention and electromechanical integration.