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. 2021 Aug 19;11(8):e047575. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047575

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Flow diagram of the study approval and data application process. The right hand orange figure provides the detail in the orange section (data application box) on the left blue hand figure. CAG, Confidentiality Advisory Group; HES, Hospital Episode Statistics; HQIP, Health Quality Improvement Partnership; HRA, Health Research Authority; ICNARC CMP, Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre Case Mix Programme; IRAS, Integrated Research Application System; NCHDA, National Congenital Heart Disease Audit; NHS, National Health Service; ONS, Office for National Statistics; PICANet, Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network; REC, research ethics committee; UCL, University College London.