Table 1.

Epidemiological evidence on the impacts of climate change on vector borne disease in Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH).

Study region	Study period	Disease	Findings	References
Bhutan	2016–2019	Dengue	Dengue cases increased by 63% (95% CI: 49, 77%) for a 1°C increase in maximum temperature.	Tsheten et al., 2020
India (including the northern Himalayas)	N/A	Malaria	Areas of the western Himalayan states are likely to have new foci for malaria transmission.	Sarkar et al., 2019
China	2005–2014	Malaria	The distribution of malaria is expected to increase in most regions regardless of the climate scenarios.	Hundessa et al., 2018
Nepal (including high Himalayan region)	N/A	Dengue	Under the different climate change scenarios, the vulnerability of dengue in Nepal will be shifted toward higher elevation with varied magnitude and spatial patterns.	Acharya et al., 2018
China (multi cities including mountainous provinces)	2005–2014	Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome	A 1°C increase in maximum temperature resulted in 1.6% increase in HFRS. Similarly, 1mm increase of weekly precipitation was associated with 0.2% increase in HFRS.	Xiang et al., 2018
China (Yunnan province)	2005–2010	Malaria	A 1°C increase in minimum temperature was associated with increased risk (RR = 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01, 1.05) of P. vivax malaria at lag 7 weeks.	Bi et al., 2013
Bangladesh (Hilly district)	2009–2012	Malaria	Malaria incidence was positively associated with rainfall (R2 = 0.252; p = 0.007) and minimum temperature (R2 = 0.203; p = 0.016).	Ahmed et al., 2013
Nepal (Morang and Kailali Districts)	2007–2011	Malaria	A 1°C increase in minimum and mean temperatures increased malaria incidence by 27% (RR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.12–1.45) and 25% (RR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.11–1.43), respectively.	Dhimal et al., 2014b