Table 3.

Epidemiological evidence on the impacts of climate change (increased in temperature) on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and mental health in the HKH.

Study region	Study period	Disease	Findings	Study
China (184 cities including those from northern provinces)	2014–2017	Cardiovascular	For each 1°C increase in daily temperature, incidence of cardiovascular disease increased by 0.44% (0.32–0.55%).	Tian et al., 2019
China (rural villages from northern mountains)	2012–2015	Cardiovascular	Compared to low-risk temperature (17.3°C), the risk of cardiovascular disease was highest (RR: 1.28; CI: 1.11–1.48) at the 99th percentile.	Zhao et al., 2018
China (national study including alpine regions)	2012–2015	Hypertension	10°C decrease in ambient temperature was statistically associated 0.74 mmHg (95% CI: 0.69, 0.79) and 0.60 mmHg (95% CI: −0.63, −0.57) rise for Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure, respectively.	Kang et al., 2020
India	Cross sectional 2011	Cardiovascular strain	The peak heart rate (HRp) was significantly higher in the air temperature (Ta) ranges of 31–33.5°C (p < 0.05) and 35–36°C (p < 0.001) than at 28–30°C.	Sahu et al., 2013
China	2007–2013	Diabetes	For each 1°C increase in daily mean temperature above the threshold of 31°C, mortality due to diabetes related cases increased by 30.5%.	Li et al., 2017
China	Cross sectional 2010	Mental health	Heat wave events with a lag period of 3 days were associated with an increased odds of hospitalization 3.178 (95% CI: 1.995–5.064) for mental health problems.	Liu et al., 2018