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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Aug 20.
Published in final edited form as: Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2017 Nov 28;49(1):278–292. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12422

TABLE 3.

Region-Grouped Risk for Suicide Associated with Mood Disorder, Major Depression, and Substance Use Disorder

Heterogeneity Effect of Region
Disorder Regiona N of studies OR 95% CI lower 95% CI upper p Value Qdf Within p Value Variance explained, % Qdf Between p Value
Mood disorder Asia 4 28.61 14.91 54.92 <.001 8.33 .04 64 9.603 .022b
Australia/Oceania 3 6.90 3.50 13.61 <.001 5.332 .07 62
Europe 6 10.62 4.50 25.09 <.001 25.135 <.001 80
North America 5 17.32 9.42 31.85 <.001 3.794 .44 0
Major depressionc Asia 6 26.87 15.58 46.36 <.001 2.35 .80 0 7.632 .022d
Europe 4 7.95 3.30 19.16 <.001 14.53 .002 79
North America 6 7.68 2.60 22.70 <.001 21.05 .001 76
Substance use disorder Asia 4 3.35 2.00 5.61 <.001 2.682 .26 25 4.983 .173
Australia/Oceania 3 2.64 1.35 5.14 .004 6.762 .03 70
Europe 7 6.54 3.76 11.39 <.001 16.226 .01 63
North America 5 3.97 1.99 7.90 <.001 5.484 .24 27

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; df, degrees of freedom.

a

Random effects model used to combine studies within each region.

b

Pairwise comparisons: Asia vs. Australia/Oceania, Q1 = 8.77, p = .003; Asia vs. Europe, Q1 = 3.24, p = .072; Asia vs. North America, Q1 = 1.22, p = .270; Australia/Oceania vs. Europe, Q1 = 0.60, p = .44; Australia/Oceania vs. North America, Q1 = 3.91, p = .048; Europe vs. North America, Q1 = 0.83, p = .36.

c

Australia/Oceania and Central America were excluded from analyses because there were <3 studies within each region.

d

Pairwise comparisons: Asia vs. Europe, Q1 = 5.32, p = .021; Asia vs. North America, Q1 = 4.09, p = .043; Europe vs. North America, Q1 = 0.00, p = .96.