Table 3. Multivariate logistic regression analysis to assess relationships between associated risk factor and hypertension stratify by gender (male, female and total).
| Male | Female | All | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model A: Neck circumference as continuous variable | aOR* | 95%CI** | p-value | aOR* | 95%CI** | p-value | aOR* | 95%CI** | p-value |
| Model A1 | |||||||||
| Neck circumference (cm) | 1.12 | 1.03–1.21 | 0.007 | 1.10 | 1.02–1.19 | 0.011 | 1.11 | 1.05–1.18 | <0.001 |
| Female | 1.08 | 0.75–1.55 | 0.674 | ||||||
| Model A2 | |||||||||
| Neck circumference (cm) | 1.13 | 1.04–1.23 | 0.004 | 1.10 | 1.03–1.20 | 0.009 | 1.12 | 1.06–1.19 | <0.001 |
| Female | 1.13 | 0.79–1.62 | 0.784 | ||||||
| Age (10 years) | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.152 | 1.02 | 1.00–1.03 | 0.030 | 1.02 | 1.00–1.03 | 0.011 |
| Model A3 | |||||||||
| Neck circumference (cm) | 1.12 | 1.02–1.22 | 0.011 | 1.10 | 1.02–1.19 | 0.014 | 1.11 | 1.05–1.18 | <0.001 |
| Female | 1.05 | 0.73–1.52 | 0.728 | ||||||
| Age (10 years) | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.424 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.076 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.060 |
| Pre-existing diabetes mellitus | 2.81 | 1.24–6.38 | 0.013 | 1.99 | 1.00–3.11 | 0.047 | 2.06 | 1.30–3.27 | 0.002 |
| Model A4 | |||||||||
| Neck circumference (cm) | 1.12 | 1.03–1.22 | 0.010 | 1.09 | 1.01–1.18 | 0.020 | 1.10 | 1.04–1.71 | 0.001 |
| Female | 1.01 | 0.69–1.46 | 0.957 | ||||||
| Age (10 years) | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.405 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.164 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.105 |
| Pre-existing diabetes mellitus | 2.95 | 1.22–7.13 | 0.016 | 1.35 | 0.73–2.50 | 0.334 | 1.76 | 1.07–2.89 | 0.026 |
| Pre-existing dyslipidemia | 0.88 | 0.34–2.00 | 0.757 | 1.84 | 1.07–3.17 | 0.026 | 1.46 | 0.93–2.29 | 0.096 |
| Model A5 | |||||||||
| Neck circumference (cm) | 1.12 | 1.03–1.22 | 0.009 | 1.09 | 1.01–1.18 | 0.020 | 1.10 | 1.04–1.71 | 0.001 |
| Female | 1.01 | 0.69–1.46 | 0.967 | ||||||
| Age (10 years) | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.318 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.162 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.091 |
| Pre-existing diabetes mellitus | 3.01 | 1.24–7.31 | 0.015 | 1.35 | 0.73–2.51 | 0.335 | 1.76 | 1.07–2.89 | 0.027 |
| Pre-existing dyslipidemia | 0.83 | 0.36–1.91 | 0.659 | 1.84 | 1.07–3.17 | 0.026 | 1.44 | 0.99–2.27 | 0.106 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 0.99 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.174 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.868 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.00 | 0.325 |
| Model A6 | |||||||||
| Neck circumference (cm) | 1.13 | 1.04–1.24 | 0.006 | 1.10 | 0.01–1.19 | 0.023 | 1.11 | 1.05–1.78 | 0.001 |
| Female | 0.96 | 0.66–1.41 | 0.857 | ||||||
| Age (10 years) | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.193 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.298 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.099 |
| Pre-existing diabetes mellitus | 2.72 | 1.13–6.61 | 0.026 | 1.47 | 0.79–2.77 | 0.220 | 1.83 | 1.10–3.03 | 0.019 |
| Pre-existing dyslipidemia | 0.81 | 0.35–1.86 | 0.621 | 1.86 | 1.07–3.22 | 0.026 | 1.43 | 0.91–2.25 | 0.123 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 0.99 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.549 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.961 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.00 | 0.590 |
| Model B: Neck circumference as categorical variable | |||||||||
| Model B1 | |||||||||
| Neck circumference (cm) | |||||||||
| <37.5 in male, < 32.5 in female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| ≥ 37.5 in male, ≥32.5 in female | 2.90 | 1.74–4.83 | <0.001 | 1.95 | 1.23–3.09 | 0.004 | 2.34 | 1.65–3.31 | <0.001 |
| Female | 0.59 | 0.42–0.83 | 0.003 | ||||||
| Model B2 | |||||||||
| Neck circumference (cm) | |||||||||
| <37.5 in male, < 32.5 in female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| ≥ 37.5 in male, ≥32.5 in female | 3.07 | 1.82–5.19 | <0.001 | 1.99 | 1.25–3.16 | 0.003 | 2.42 | 1.70–3.44 | <0.001 |
| Female | 0.59 | 0.42–0.84 | 0.003 | ||||||
| Age (10 years) | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.114 | 1.02 | 1.00–1.03 | 0.051 | 1.01 | 1.00–1.03 | 0.015 |
| Model B3 | |||||||||
| Neck circumference (cm) | |||||||||
| <37.5 in male, < 32.5 in female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| ≥ 37.5 in male, ≥32.5 in female | 2.72 | 1.59–4.66 | <0.001 | 1.91 | 1.20–3.05 | 0.006 | 2.27 | 1.59–3.23 | <0.001 |
| Female | 0.58 | 0.41–0.83 | 0.003 | ||||||
| Age (10 years) | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.333 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.096 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.060 |
| Pre-existing diabetes mellitus | 2.53 | 1.12–5.74 | 0.026 | 1.54 | 0.89–2.67 | 0.120 | 1.81 | 1.15–2.84 | 0.010 |
| Model B4 | |||||||||
| Neck circumference (cm) | |||||||||
| <37.5 in male, < 32.5 in female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| ≥ 37.5 in male, ≥32.5 in female | 2.71 | 1.58–4.64 | <0.001 | 1.82 | 1.14–2.91 | 0.012 | 2.20 | 1.54–3.14 | <0.001 |
| Female | 0.57 | 0.40–0.81 | 0.002 | ||||||
| Age (10 years) | 1.01 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.347 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.212 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.115 |
| Pre-existing diabetes mellitus | 2.44 | 1.02–5.84 | 0.046 | 1.18 | 0.65–2.16 | 0.584 | 1.51 | 0.93–2.46 | 0.098 |
| Pre-existing dyslipidemia | 1.10 | 0.49–2.47 | 0.809 | 1.83 | 1.07–3.14 | 0.027 | 1.54 | 0.99–2.41 | 0.055 |
| Model B5 | |||||||||
| Neck circumference (cm) | |||||||||
| <37.5 in male, < 32.5 in female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| ≥ 37.5 in male, ≥32.5 in female | 1.95 | 1.02–3.74 | 0.042 | 1.86 | 1.12–3.10 | 0.017 | 1.93 | 1.30–2.89 | 0.001 |
| Female | 0.57 | 0.40–0.82 | 0.002 | ||||||
| Age (10 years) | 1.01 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.161 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.331 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.095 |
| Pre-existing diabetes mellitus | 2.33 | 0.91–5.94 | 0.077 | 1.48 | 0.79–2.75 | 0.219 | 1.71 | 1.02–2.85 | 0.040 |
| Pre-existing dyslipidemia | 0.97 | 0.42–2.23 | 0.950 | 1.64 | 0.94–2.86 | 0.080 | 1.38 | 0.87–2.19 | 0.165 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | |||||||||
| Normal (< 90 in male, < 80 in female) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| obesity (≥ 90 in male, ≥ 80 in female) | 1.10 | 0.93–1.34 | 0.346 | 1.17 | 0.85–1.39 | 0.470 | 1.12 | 0.90–1.23 | 0.305 |
| Model B6 | |||||||||
| Neck circumference (cm) | |||||||||
| <37.5 in male, < 32.5 in female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| ≥ 37.5 in male, ≥32.5 in female | 2.01 | 1.10–4.12 | 0.038 | 1.82 | 1.12–3.10 | 0.017 | 1.76 | 1.14–2.70 | 0.010 |
| Female | 0.55 | 0.38–0.79 | 0.001 | ||||||
| Age (10 years) | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.257 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.292 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.090 |
| Pre-existing diabetes mellitus | 3.11 | 1.18–8.15 | 0.021 | 1.41 | 0.75–2.63 | 0.284 | 1.86 | 1.01–3.10 | 0.018 |
| Pre-existing dyslipidemia | 0.95 | 0.40–2.21 | 0.899 | 1.72 | 0.98–3.00 | 0.057 | 1.37 | 0.87–2.17 | 0.176 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | |||||||||
| <23 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 23–24.99 | 3.15 | 0.76–8.18 | 0.318 | 1.43 | 0.48–4.28 | 0.524 | 2.25 | 1.12–4.52 | 0.022 |
| 25–29.99 | 1.78 | 0.84–3.79 | 0.131 | 1.45 | 0.75–2.79 | 0.268 | 1.55 | 0.95–2.55 | 0.080 |
| ≥30 | 3.54 | 1.64–7.62 | 0.001 | 1.31 | 0.75–2.31 | 0.343 | 1.89 | 1.20–2.98 | 0.006 |
*aOR: adjusted odds ratio;
**CI: Confidence Interval;
Multivariate logistic regression analysis, Backward Wald method (Model A: neck circumference as continuous variable and Model B: neck circumference as categorical variable)