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. 2021 Aug 19;3(8):e0518. doi: 10.1097/CCE.0000000000000518

TABLE 1.

Comparisons of Baseline Variables and Clinical Outcomes by Latent Class Analyses Subphenotypes

Variables Hypoinflammatory Hyperinflammatory p
N 383 115
Demographics
 Age, median (IQR) 58.2 (46.0–66.9) 58.5 (44.0–67.2) 0.6779
 Male gender, n (%) 200 (52.2) 68 (59.1) 0.2313
 Body mass index, median (IQR) 29.0 (25.2–36.1) 28.3 (24.8–34.2) 0.2438
 Caucasian race, n (%) 355 (92.7) 102 (88.7) 0.2408
History of chronic disease, n (%)
 Diabetes 127 (33.2) 39 (33.9) 0.9700
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 89 (23.2) 25 (21.7) 0.8345
 Immunosuppression 78 (20.4) 25 (21.7) 0.8511
 Chronic kidney disease 49 (12.8) 34 (29.6) < 0.0001
 Chronic cardiac failure 45 (11.7) 13 (11.3) 1.0000
 Alcohol use 59 (15.4) 20 (17.4) 0.7145
Risk factors for acute respiratory  distress syndrome
 Pneumonia, n (%) 139 (36.3) 47 (40.9) 0.4189
 Aspiration, n (%) 63 (16.4) 20 (17.4) 0.6406
 Sepsis, n (%) 73 (19.1) 42 (36.5) 0.0003
 Lung Injury Prediction Score 5.0 (4.0–6.5) 6.5 (5.5–8.0) < 0.0001
Hemodynamic variables, median (IQR)
 Heart rate 89.0 (76.0–102.0) 99.0 (83.0–109.5) 0.0002
 Systolic blood pressure 119.0 (104.0–135.0) 109.0 (96.0–124.0) 0.0004
Laboratory variables, median (IQR)
 Arterial pH 7.4 (7.4–7.4) 7.3 (7.3–7.4) < 0.0001
 WBC 11.4 (7.9–16.0) 15.5 (11.1–23.5) < 0.0001
 Creatinine 1.0 (0.7–1.6) 3.2 (1.9–4.7) < 0.0001
 Serum Co2 25.0 (22.0–28.0) 20.0 (18.0–23.0) < 0.0001
Mechanical ventilation variables,  median (IQR)
 Worst Pao2:Fio2 ratio 164.0 (117.0–208.0) 163.0 (110.5–221.5) 0.4363
 Peak inspiratory pressure 25.0 (20.0–31.0) 26.0 (21.0–32.0) 0.2508
 Tidal volume (per kg of predicted body  weight), mL/kg 6.7 (6.0–7.6) 6.7 (6.0–7.7) 0.9442
 Saturation, % 97.0 (95.5–99.0) 97.0 (95.0–99.0) 0.2783
Severity of illness and clinical outcomes
 Shock (vasopressor use), n (%) 178 (46.5) 89 (77.4) < 0.0001
 Sequential Organ Failure Assessment  score, median (IQR) 6.0 (4.0–8.0) 10.0 (8.0–11.0) < 0.0001
 Acute kidney injury, n (%) 219 (57.2) 106 (92.2) < 0.0001
 30-d mortality, n (%) 85 (22.2) 46 (40.0) 0.0002
 90-d mortality, n (%) 94 (24.5) 50 (43.5) 0.0001
 ICU length of stay, median (IQR) 9.0 (5.0–15.0) 9.0 (5.0–14.0) 0.6497
 Ventilator-free days, median (IQR) 19.0 (0.0–24.0) 11.0 (0.0–22.0) 0.0002
 Duration of mechanical ventilation,  median (IQR), d 6.5 (4.0–12.0) 7.0 (4.0–11.0) 0.6956
Biomarkers, median (IQR)
 IL-6, pg/mL 43 (20–114) 207 (50–635) < 0.0001
 IL-8, pg/mL 14 (7–25) 37 (22–83) < 0.0001
 IL-10, pg/mL 0.1 (0.0–4.0) 8.7 (0.0–21.7) < 0.0001
 Tumor necrosis factor receptor-1, pg/mL 2,902 (1,801–4,777) 10,586 (7,652–16,302) < 0.0001
 Angiopoietin-2, pg/mL 5,446 (3,083–9,896) 19,054 (13,590–35,875) < 0.0001
 Pentraxin-3, pg/mL 2,488 (1,098–6,508) 7,816 (3,406–22,469) < 0.0001
 Fractalkine, pg/mL 1,271 (528–2,023) 2,686 (1,902–4,013) < 0.0001
 Suppression of tumorigenicity-2, pg/mL 132,620 (64,313–328,541) 622,752 (268,033–1,260,289) < 0.0001
 Procalcitonin, pg/mL 429 (136–1,404) 4,191 (2,227–5,029) < 0.0001
 Receptor of advanced glycation  end products, pg/mL 2,533 (1,513–4,258) 7,491 (5,252–12,803) < 0.0001
 1-3-beta-D-glucan, pg/mL 23 (14–39) 41 (21–73) < 0.0001

IL = interleukin, IQR = interquartile range.

p values for comparisons between hyperinflammatory and hypoinflammatory subphenotypes were obtained from Wilcoxon test for continuous variables and Fisher test for categorical variables. Statistically significant p values (p < 0.05) are highlighted in bold.