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. 2021 Aug 16;12:81–92. doi: 10.2147/LCTT.S320493

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© 2021 Peled et al.

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Breath biopsy.

Notes: Figure 1 shows how Electric nose technology allows for recognition of early changes in carcinogenesis (ie, EGFR receptor). Specific mutations conferring pathway addiction can be promptly identified. Novel biomarkers such as PD-(L)1 can also be identified by E-noses, predicting response to immunotherapy. When working with exhaled breath condensate (EBC) even DNA molecules can be obtained and sequenced. It is likely that this technology will soon be able to complement or even displace invasive biopsies.