Figure 4.

AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway is involved in the protective effect of BBR in D407 cells. (a) D407 cells were treated with variable concentrations of BBR for 120 min, and the expression of phosphorylated AMPK (P-AMPK), total AMPK (T-AMPK), phosphorylated ULK (P-ULK), total ULK (T-ULK), phosphorylated mTOR (P-mTOR), total mTOR (T-mTOR), and β-actin was detected by western blotting. (b–d) Quantification of the representative protein bands from western blotting. (e) D407 cells were treated with 6 μM BBR during different time periods as indicated, and the expression of phosphorylated AMPK (P-AMPK), total AMPK (T-AMPK), phosphorylated ULK (P-ULK), total ULK (T-ULK), phosphorylated mTOR (P-mTOR), total mTOR (T-mTOR), and β-actin was detected by western blotting. (f–h) Quantification of the representative protein bands from western blotting. The assay was repeated for at least 3 times. ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001 versus the control group were considered significantly different.