TABLE 5.

Oxidative and nitrosative stress and endothelial function indicators before and after maximum-intensity exercise.

Indices	T1DM group (mean ± SD)			Control group (mean ± SD)			p T1DM vs. control^
	Before	After	P	Before	After	p	Before	After
TOS/TOC (μmol L–1)	321.5 ± 151	380.1 ± 153.5	≤0.0001*	164.1 ± 57	216.6 ± 74.9	0.0000	≤0.0001*	≤0.0001*
Δ TOS/TOC (%)	24.2 ± 31.7			34.9 ± 31.1			0.0311
TAS/TAC (μmol L–1)	361.0 ± 22.2	327.0 ± 31.1	≤0.0001*	351.5 ± 26.4	360.7 ± 24.5	0.04	NS	≤0.0001*
Δ TAS/TAC (%)	9.4 ± 7.1			−2.8 ± 5.9			≤0.0001*
OSI	0.9 ± 0.1	1.18 ± 0.5	≤0.0001*	0.47 ± 0.169	0.60 ± 0.20	0.000	≤0.0001*	≤0.0001*
Δ OSI	0.28 ± 0.24			0.13 ± 0.09			0.0127
3NT (nM L–1)	281.4 ± 205.2	347.2 ± 268.4	≤0.0001*	125.3 ± 71.2	169.8 ± 91.1	≤0.0001*	0.001	0.010
Δ 3NT (nM L–1)	65.8 ± 88.5			44.5 ± 50.8			0.2569
eNOS-3 (ng mL–1)	15.2 ± 16.6	18.1 ± 20.0	≤0.0001*	4.4 ± 2.2	5.4 ± 2.2	≤0.0001*	≤0.0001*	≤0.0001*
Δ eNOS-3 (ng mL–1)	2.9 ± 5.3			0.9 ± 0.8			0.0833
VEGF (ng L–1)	422.4 ± 260.1	506.2 ± 344.1	≤0.0001*	308.4 ± 184.2	359.8 ± 187.5	≤0.0001*	0.1087	0.068
Δ VEGF (ng L–1)	83.8 ± 141.7			51.5 ± 34.2			0.3775

T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; TOS/TOC, total oxidant status; Δ, change; TAS/TAC, total antioxidant status; OSI, oxidative stress index; 3NT, 3-nitrotyrosine; eNOS-3, endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; NS, not significant. *Power of the test for each significant comparison between groups was > 98% (0.98).