Table 4.
Direct and Indirect Associations (in percentage) of Exogenous Variables with COVID-19 Positive Cases, Hospitalizations and Fatalities.
| Variables | Direct Effect on COVID-19 Positive Cases |
Direct Effect on Hospitalizations |
Direct Effects on COVID-19 Fatalities |
Indirect Effects on COVID-19 Hospitalizations Through Positive Cases |
Indirect Effects on COVID-19 Fatalities Through Hospitalizations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| μ | μ | μ | μ | μ | |
| Chaining Variable | |||||
| Positive cases | – | 0.195 | – | – | 1.157 |
| Hospitalizations | – | – | 5.928 | – | – |
| Built Environment | |||||
| Street intersection density (weighted, auto-oriented intersections eliminated) (in 10s) | −1.586* | −1.039 | – | −0.309* | −6.162 |
| Regional auto centrality index | – | 0.986 | 0.831 | – | 5.851 |
| Employment and household entropy | – | −0.241* | −0.381* | – | −1.428* |
| Sedentary and Active Travel (workers' transportation mode to work) (% of workers) | |||||
| Drive alone | – | – | 0.606 | – | – |
| Walking | – | −1.562* | – | – | −9.259* |
| Biking | – | −10.611* | – | – | −62.902* |
| Telecommuting | −3.369 | – | – | −0.657 | – |
| Controls | – | – | – | ||
| Race: Black | 1.166 | 0.431 | – | 0.227 | 2.554 |
| Race: White | −0.205 | – | – | −0.041 | – |
| Gender: Female | – | – | 1.461 | – | – |
| High income (USD >100,000 per annum) | −1.461 | −1.726 | −0.361* | −0.285 | −10.237 |
| Old age (65 years +) | 1.741 | 2.897 | 5.603 | 0.339 | 17.174 |
| Unemployed | 6.721 | – | – | 1.311 | – |
Notes: (---) indicates Not Applicable; (*) indicates heterogeneous direct and indirect effects; μ indicates direct and indirect effects (including “average” effects for random-held parameters).