Table 1.
Effect of trace metals on the pig gut microbiota, diversity, composition, and other parameters.
| Trace metal | Source/Form | Pig breed1 | α-Diversity1 | Bacterial composition | Other parameters 2 | Sequencing (Sample) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | Iron-deficient (2.72 mg/L Fe) | NA | NS | ↑Bifidobacterium, Dialister, Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Megasphaera ↓Bacteroides, Clostridium, Akkermansia, Clostridiaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, |
↑VFA | 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing (Colon and Feces) | Knight et al. (2019) |
| Lactoferrin | Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire | ↓Shannon, Chao1 | ↑Lactobacillus, Roseburia ↓Veillonella, Escherichia-Shigella, Actinobacillus, Streptococcus, Fusobacterium |
↓IL-1β, TNF-α, Diarrhea incidence, urinary lactulose-to-mannitol ratio ↑intestinal villi height, disaccharidase activity |
16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing (Jejunum, Ileum) | Hu et al. (2019b) | |
| Lactoferrin (with probiotics) | ↑evenness, Chao1 (richness) | ↑Erysipelotrichiaceae ↓Enterobacteriaceae, Veillonellaceae |
↑ferrous ion transport genes ↓ferric ion transport genes |
16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing (Colon, Feces) | Grzywacz et al. (2019) | ||
| Mn3 | |||||||
| Zn | 100 or 200 mg/kg ZnO | Danish Landrace × Yorkshire | NA | ↑Coliforms, enterococci ↓Lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus spp. (2,500 mg/kg ZnO) |
↑digesta, intestinal pH, dry matter (2,500 mg/kg ZnO) ↓SCFA, lactic acid, succinic acid, urease activity |
T-RFLP (Cecum and Colon) | Hojberg et al. (2005) |
| 124 or 3,042 mg/kg ZnO | German Landrace × Pietrain | ↑Shannon, Simpson | ↑Lactobacillus spp., Weissella cibaria, W. confusa, Leuconostoc citreum, Streptococcus lutetiensis, S. equinus ↓Sarcina ventriculi |
NA | 16S rRNA pyrosequencing (Ileum) | Vahjen et al. (2011) | |
| 50 to 2,500 mg/kg ZnO | Duroc × Pietrain | ↑Total bacteria | ↓Enterobacteriaceae ↑Clostridial cluster XIVa |
↑Total SCFA ↑acetate (150 mg/kg ZnO) ↑ammonium (50 to 150 mg/kg ZnO) ↓Propionate |
DGGE (Ileum) | Pieper et al. (2012) | |
| 57 or 2,425 mg/kg ZnO | Landrace | NA | ↓Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia group, Lactobacillus spp. | ↑acetate ↓lactate |
Quantitative real-time PCR (Stomach, Jejunun, Ileum, Colon) | Starke et al. (2014) | |
| Coated ZnO nanoparticles (100 mg/kg ZnO) | Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire | ↑richness (ACE and Chao1) | ↑Lachnospiraceae UCG-004 ↓Ruminococcus flavefaciens |
↑occludin, zonula occludens-1 | 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing (Feces) | Legrand et al. (2005) | |
| 2,500 mg/kg ZnO | Landrace × Yorkshire | ↑Shannon, evenness | ↑Prevotella, Clostridiaceae ↓Lactobacillus |
↑villus height, crypt depth, villi-to-crypt ratio, mucosal thickness | 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing (Colon) | Satessa et al. (2020) | |
| 110 and 2,400 mg/kg ZnO | Topigs × Piétrain | NA | ↓Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, | ↑claudin-1, zonula occludens-1, alkaline phosphatase, gut integrity | Plate-counting method and quantitative real-time PCR (Stomach, Small intestines) | Wang et al. (2019) | |
| 40, 110 and 2,500 ZnO, 110 mg/kg Zn-Lysinate | Landrace | ↑evenness (40, 110 ZnO) ↑Shannon (110 ZnO) |
↑Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Collinsella, Acetivibrio, Blautia, Coprococcus, Faecalibacterium, Subdoligranulum, Holdemania (2500 mg/kg ZnO) ↓Megasphaera, Dialister, Acidaminococcus, Ruminococcus (2500 mg/kg ZnO) |
↑feed intake, average daily gain, levels of ZnT1, MT1A and MT2B (2,500 mg/kg ZnO) ↑feed intake, average daily gain (110 mg/kg Zn-Lys) ↓ileal digestibility, ZIP4 level (2,500 mg/kg ZnO) ↑colonic Zn (2,500 mg/kg ZnO) |
Shotgun metagenomics (Colon) | Pieper et al., 2020 | |
| Cu | 300 mg/kg CuSO4 (high) | Suhai suckling piglets | NS | ↓Roseburia, Acidaminococcus, Lachnospiraceae FCS020 group ↑Coprococcus, Streptococcus |
↓TNF-α, SOD, serum albumin ↑Heptanoic acid ↓carbohydrate, amino acid metabolism |
16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing (Feces) | Zhang et al. (2019a) |
| 6 mg/kg CuSO4 (low) | Suhai suckling piglets | NS | ↓Nesterenkonia, Prevotellaceae UCG-001 ↑Coprococcus, Roseburia, Acidaminococcus |
↑MDA, ↑ALT, ↑AST and ↑TBA ↑serum blood urea nitrogen ↓SOD |
|||
| 150 mg/kg CuSO4 | Landrace × Large White | NA | ↑total bacterial count, ↓Enterobacteriaceae, Streptococcus |
↑duodenal villi height, crypt depth | Plate method-counting (Cecum and Colon) | Di Giancamillo et al. (2018) | |
| 200 mg/kg CuSO4 | NA | NS | ↑Proteobacteria, Spirochaetes ↓Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes |
↑valine, leucine isoleucine, lysine biosynthesis; lipid biosynthesis ↓peptidases |
16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing (Cecum) | Zhang et al. (2019c) | |
| ↑Tenericutes, Cyanobacteria ↓Firmicutes |
↑lipoic acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, carotenoid biosynthesis ↓energy metabolism, lysine biosynthesis |
16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing (Ileum) | |||||
| 160 mg/kg CuSO4 | Large White × Landrace | NS | ↑Methanosphaera, Roseburia, Enterococcus | ↑body weight, ADG, ADFE, G:F, mineral status | 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing (Colon) | Villagomez-Estrada et al. (2020) |
Fe = iron; Mn = manganese; Zn = zinc; Cu = copper; NS = not significant; NA = not applicable/not measured; ADG = average daily gain; ADFI = average daily feed intake; G:F = gain-to-feed ratio; MDA = malondialdehyde; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate transaminase; TBA = total bile acid; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-1β = interleukin-1beta; SOD = superoxide dismutase; VFA = volatile fatty acids; SCFA = short chain fatty acids; Znt1 = zinc transporter 1; MT1A and MT2B = metallothionein 1a and 2b; DGGE = denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; T-RFLP = terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism; ZIP = zinc import proteins.
1
Compared to control group.
2
Growth and performance may include body weight, daily, immune status, metabolite profile and/or diarrhea incidence.
3
No data exists for the effects of manganese on the pig giut microbiota.