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. 2021 Aug 20;12:5072. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25386-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — a Left: schematic of CT imaging of a living rat; Right: CT images of a rat with artificial pneumoperitoneum; Insets show profile of liver. b Reconstruction of the natural surface of rat liver and desired 3D spiral printing path. c Schematic illustration and image of the experimental setup for the in vivo experiment. The color represents the height magnitude. d Left: Photographs of the process of minimally invasive bioprinting with a conductive hydrogel on the liver surface at different times; Right and image of the printed pattern on the surface of the rat liver.