a–d Expression of proteins related to the IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β and calpain I/CDK5 signaling pathways. a, c Protein was extracted from the hippocampus for each group and evaluated by Western blot analysis. b, d The integral optical densities of proteins related to the signaling pathways in the hippocampus were analyzed with ImageJ. The data are reported as the mean ± SEM (n = 3).*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. the sham group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, and ###P < 0.001 vs. the STZ group.