Table 2.
Metabolites identified in Bambara groundnut flour (GBF) and starch (GBS) using acetonitrile/methanol/water (40:20:20 v/v/v) extraction solvent.
| Flour |
Starch |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rt (mins) | Observed ion m/z | Name | MF | 0GBF | 24GBF | 48GBF | 72GBF | 0GBS | 24GBS | 48GBS | 72GBS |
| Acids | |||||||||||
| 3.26 | 104.0293 | Butanoic acid, 4-hydroxy- | C11H22O3Si | ND | ND | ND | 1379146 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 4.06 | 102.0090 | Pentanoic acid | C5H10O2 | ND | ND | ND | 850250 | ND | ND | 1599442 | 420330 |
| 15.20 | 228.2077 | Tetradecanoic acid | C14H28O2 | ND | ND | 747974 | 3936087 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 17.51 | 256.2398 | n-Hexadecanoic acid | C16H32O2 | 5839377 | 4563896 | ND | ND | ND | 6469462 | ND | 67444726 |
| 19.73 | 284.2714 | Octadecanoic acid | C18H36O2 | ND | ND | 13076604 | 14514438 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Alcohols | |||||||||||
| 5.26 | 92.0213 | Glycerol | C3H8O3 | ND | ND | 83692530 | 27609 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 5.66 | 126.0311 | Maltol | C6H603 | ND | ND | 5053284 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 26.65 | 394.3588 | Cholesta-4,6-dien-3-ol, (3ß)- | C27H44O | 218602 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Aldehyde | |||||||||||
| 4.73 | 120.0570 | Benzeneacetaldehyde | C8H8O | ND | ND | 559553 | 1873781 | ND | ND | 1278347 | ND |
| Amide | |||||||||||
| 4.83 | 114.0312 | Pentanamide | C36H49N5O5 | ND | 547511 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 19.21 | 262.2290 | Octadecanamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)- | C20H41NO2 | 247931 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 19.22 | 210.1848 | Decanamide, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)- | C12H25NO2 | ND | ND | ND | 1637175 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 19.74 | 221.3520 | Tetradecanamide | C14H29NO | ND | ND | ND | 864457 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 21.24 | 229.1615 | Hexadecanamide | C16H33NO | 189552 | ND | ND | ND | 137545 | ND | ND | ND |
| 24.48 | 281.2666 | 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- | C18H35NO | ND | ND | 18787957 | 4012093 | 8548604 | 11431519 | 18472989 | 18389329 |
| 21.97 | 139.0402 | Bis(2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl) ether | C8H20N2O | 1042090 | ND | ND | ND | 854739 | 192863 | ND | ND |
| 22.90 | 187.1137 | Benzeneethanamine, 2-fluoro-ß,3,4-trihydroxy-N-isopropyl- | C11H16FNO3 | ND | 208553 | 560386 | 194632 | 471782 | 571453 | 1262773 | |
| Cyclic compound | |||||||||||
| 29.06 | 268.0389 | Benzenehexanenitrile, ß,ß-dimethyl-e-oxo- | C14H17NO | ND | ND | ND | 140204 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Esters | |||||||||||
| 5.30 | 239.0847 | Tetrahydropyran Z-10-dodecenoate | C17H30O3 | ND | ND | ND | 3652891 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 5.43 | 161.9902 | 1,2-Ethanediol, dipropanoate | C8H14O4 | ND | ND | 4801138 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 9.09 | 210.0302 | 2-t-Butyl-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methyl-phenyl ester | C23H36O2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 12.83 | 173.1176 | Butyric acid, thio-, S-hexyl ester | C10H20OS | ND | ND | ND | 386699 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 12.84 | 178.0599 | Diethyl Phthalate | C12H14O4 | 364436 | 519366 | 766294 | 848101 | ND | ND | 426673 | 303655 |
| 13.71 | 226.1560 | Cyclopentaneacetic acid, 3-oxo-2-pentyl-, methyl ester | C13H22O3 | ND | ND | 330280 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 16.44 | 224.1005 | 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester | C16H22O4 | ND | ND | 2147598 | 1318726 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 16.96 | 227.0695 | Phthalic acid, 2,7-dimethyloct-7-en-5-yn-4-yl nonyl ester | C27H38O4 | ND | ND | 213001 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 17.26 | 292.2034 | Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, methyl ester | C18H28O3 | ND | ND | 120184 | 154149 | 67957 | ND | 137645 | 149942 |
| 17.41 | 243.2109 | Palmitic acid vinyl ester | C18H34O2 | ND | 804464 | 775420 | 651709 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 17.48 | 278.1511 | Phthalic acid, hex-2-yn-4-yl nonyl ester | C23H32O4 | ND | ND | 8078090 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 17.48 | 279.1548 | Phthalic acid, 8-chlorooctyl heptyl ester | C23H35ClO4 | ND | ND | ND | 5363168 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 17.48 | 223.0967 | Dibutyl phthalate | C16H22O4 | 2222962 | ND | 157059 | 2315416 | ND | 775155 | ND | 4389732 |
| 18.54 | 177.9567 | Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-, vinyl ester | C10H18O2 | 197316 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 19.41 | 214.0798 | 1-Propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid, tributyl ester | C18H30O6 | 129008 | 141974 | 385389 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 20.32 | 330.1635 | 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-(acetyloxy)-, tributyl ester | C20H34O8 | 1055443 | 482794 | 903051 | 95014 | 800796 | 742288 | 1494626 | 1524229 |
| 20.52 | 219.0957 | Octanoic acid, 2-dimethylaminoethyl ester | C12H25NO2 | ND | ND | ND | 11156024 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 21.98 | 197.1527 | Carbonic acid, 2-dimethylaminoethyl 2-methoxyethyl ester | C8H17NO4 | ND | ND | 17984410 | 3536432 | 1095483 | ND | 17481691 | 21767625 |
| 22.16 | 185.0817 | Carbonic acid, 2-dimethylaminoethyl isobutyl ester | C9H19NO3 | 571722 | 1548371 | 3164765 | 274955 | ND | ND | 3164986 | 290625 |
| 22.70 | 339.0385 | Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate | C24H38O4 | ND | 3584849 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 22.70 | 386.9516 | Diisooctyl phthalate | C24H38O4 | 1983617 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 22.70 | 326.9852 | Dicyclohexyl phthalate | C20H26O4 | 1790400 | 1212827 | 1113310 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 22.71 | 358.0683 | Phthalic acid, di(hept-2-yl) ester | C22H34O4 | ND | ND | ND | 1263691 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 24.21 | 287.9999 | Terephthalic acid, di(4-octyl) ester | C24H38O4 | ND | ND | 85444 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 25.04 | 173.0630 | cis-Cyclohex-4-en-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, di(phenethyl) ester | C24H26O4 | ND | ND | ND | 305523 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 28.87 | 426.3870 | Urs-12-en-24-oic acid, 3-oxo-, methyl ester, (+)- | C31H48O3 | ND | ND | ND | 209859 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 30.05 | 530.4690 | Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, octadecyl ester | C35H62O3 | 123534 | ND | ND | 67852 | 1106099 | 3286798 | ND | ND |
| FAEE | |||||||||||
| 22.44 | 312.2648 | Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester | C19H38O4 | ND | ND | 8701469 | 11891657 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| FAMEs | |||||||||||
| 17.02 | 270.2556 | Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester | C17H34O2 | ND | 13693362 | 35747181 | 33880749 | 18186155 | 4686779 | 35059912 | 54595941 |
| 17.02 | 270.2552 | Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester | C17H34O2 | 3359916 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 17598151 | |
| 18.79 | 266.2227 | 9,12-Hexadecadienoic acid, methyl ester | C17H30O2 | ND | ND | 21933465 | 18679779 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 18.79 | 294.2544 | 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester | C19H34O2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3476598 | 2311803 | 12037261 | ND |
| 18.82 | 296.2714 | trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester | C19H36O2 | 3255171 | ND | 11609839 | 14906235 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 19.05 | 298.2860 | Methyl stearate | C19H38O2 | ND | 4471317 | 17709835 | ND | 5259746 | 3046077 | 14396244 | ND |
| 20.85 | 227.2010 | Tridecanoic acid, methyl ester | C14H28O2 | 1025025 | 713908 | 1152194 | 2341413 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 20.86 | 200.1731 | Undecanoic acid, methyl ester | C12H24O2 | ND | ND | ND | 6971616 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 22.50 | 356.3561 | Hexacosanoic acid, methyl ester | C27H54O2 | ND | ND | ND | 5563687 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 25.01 | 282.2511 | Oxalic acid, di(1-menthyl) ester | C22H38O4 | ND | ND | ND | 943438 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Ketones | |||||||||||
| 3.25 | 108.0683 | Imidazo[4,5-d]imidazole, 1,6-dihydro- | C4H4N4 | ND | ND | ND | 117682 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 3.41 | 98.0364 | 1,2-Cyclopentanedione | C5H6O2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 3.68 | 375.9799 | 7-Chloro-1,3,4,10-tetrahydro-10-hydroxy-1-[[2-[1-pyrrolidinyl]ethyl]imino]-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-9(2H)-acridinone | C26H25ClF3N3O2 | ND | ND | 1169975 | 2802233 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 3.94 | 191.0011 | 1-Pentanone, 1-(2-thienyl)- | C9H12OS | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 5.40 | 85.0523 | 2-Pyrrolidinone | C9H9N | ND | 662123 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 8.34 | 150.0676 | Ethanone, 1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)- | C9H10O2 | ND | ND | ND | 1075885 | ND | ND | 799466 | ND |
| 10.95 | 170.0398 | Ethanone, 1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)phenyl]- | C11H14O2 | ND | ND | 1021014 | 582086 | ND | ND | 325492 | ND |
| 12.41 | 180.0781 | 2′,4′-Dimethoxyacetophenone | C10H12O3 | ND | ND | 1613696 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 12.41 | 180.0781 | Ethanone, 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)- | C10H12O3 | ND | ND | ND | 2751983 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 13.00 | 189.1515 | 2-Butanone, 4-(2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-yl)- | C12H15NO | 85005 | 53880 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 13.44 | 182.0727 | Benzophenone | C13H10O | ND | ND | ND | 282691 | ND | 138491 | 163689 | ND |
| 14.32 | 188.1198 | Methanone, (1-hydroxycyclohexyl)phenyl- | C13H16O2 | 386301 | 595229 | 885838 | 1073775 | 415036 | 347436 | 788474 | 584284 |
| 16.63 | 269.0482 | 2-Morpholin-4-ylmethyl-5-phenoxymethyl-4-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazole-3-thione | C20H22N4O2S | 133625 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 17.05 | 262.1520 | 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione | C17H24O3 | 165132 | 292457 | 202831 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 24.44 | 158.0821 | 2-Octen-4-one, 2-methoxy- | C9H16O2 | ND | ND | 236995 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 28.80 | 410.3543 | 4,22-Stigmastadiene-3-one | C29H46O | ND | ND | ND | 533139 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Miscellaneous | |||||||||||
| 4.00 | 138.1040 | Furan, 2-pentyl- | C9H14O | 911826 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 4.40 | 123.0680 | 4(H)-Pyridine, N-acetyl- | C7H9NO | ND | ND | ND | 391733 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 5.53 | 120.0684 | 1,3,5,7-Tetroxane | C4H8O4 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 99462936 | ND |
| 5.58 | 120.0683 | 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile, 1,4-dihydro-1-methyl- | C7H8N2 | ND | ND | ND | 33385 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 5.98 | 359.0650 | Cyclopentasiloxane, decamethyl- | C10H30O5Si5 | 2178743 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 6.88 | 143.0860 | 1,2,4,5-Tetroxane, 3,3,6,6-tetramethyl- | C6H12O4 | ND | ND | 4276079 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 8.30 | 431.0862 | Cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl- | C12H36O6Si6 | 5186795 | ND | 724478 | ND | 9273629 | 192507 | 315644 | 778968 |
| 11.06 | 504.1074 | 3-Isopropoxy-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3,5,5-tris(trimethylsiloxy)tetrasiloxane | C18H52O7Si7 | ND | ND | 5900698 | 527949 | 6713484 | 435535 | 658962 | 832910 |
| 11.07 | 504.1062 | 3-Butoxy-1,1,1,7,7,7-hexamethyl-3,5,5-tris(trimethylsiloxy)tetrasiloxane | C19H54O7Si7 | 432330 | ND | 722627 | 584708 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 11.35 | 186.0257 | Tetraglyme | C10H22O5 | ND | 313631 | 588177 | 897608 | ND | ND | 702519 | ND |
| 12.35 | 219.1747 | (4S,5S)-(+)-5-Amino-2,2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-1,3-dioxane | C12H17NO2 | ND | ND | 1469274 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 11.93 | 183.0446 | 6-Hepten-2-one, 5,7,7-trichloro- | C7H9Cl3O | ND | ND | ND | 11932715 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 12.72 | 157.0885 | 3-Methyl-4-phenyl-1H-pyrrole | C11H11N | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 130634 | |
| 13.73 | 179.0680 | Thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridinium, 8-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt | C9H9NOS | ND | ND | ND | 179883 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 13.81 | 416.0373 | Cyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl- | C16H48O8Si8 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4996853 | 362566 | 897430 | 908938 |
| 14.57 | 168.0782 | Thiophene, 2-butyl-5-ethyl- | C10H16S | ND | ND | ND | 799785 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 15.88 | 433.0855 | 1,1,1,5,7,7,7-Heptamethyl-3,3-bis(trimethylsiloxy)tetrasiloxane | C13H40O5Si6 | ND | ND | 1098619 | ND | ND | ND | 1192438 | ND |
| 17.36 | 154.0738 | Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl)- | C11H18N2O2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 266621 | ND | ND |
| 17.58 | 533.9922 | Octasiloxane, 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7,9,9,11,11,13,13,15,15-hexadecamethyl- | C16H50O7Si8 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 589423 |
| 18.85 | 145.1009 | Cyclopropane, 1-ethenyl-2-hexenyl-, [1a,2ß(E)]-(±)- | C11H18 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3497754 | ND |
| 19.23 | 201.1132 | 2,8,9-Trioxa-5-aza-1-silabicyclo[3.3.3]undecane, 1-ethenyl- | C8H15NO3Si | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 9154266 | ND | ND |
| 21.13 | 220.2181 | 4,8,12,16-Tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide | C21H40O2 | ND | 447548 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 21.14 | 167.1431 | 2H-Pyran-2-one, tetrahydro-6-pentyl- | C10H18O2 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1072724 | 460163 | ND | ND |
| 22.19 | 267.2684 | Indoline, 2-(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)- | C21H19NO | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 50284 | ND |
| 24.45 | 156.9946 | 2-Octen-4-one, 2-methoxy- | C9H16O2 | ND | ND | 141706 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 25.69 | 532.9916 | Heptasiloxane, hexadecamethyl- | C16H48O6Si7 | 3291323 | ND | ND | ND | 4761300 | ND | ND | ND |
| 25.79 | 309.2793 | Propanedinitrile, 2-(1-methyl-2,6-diphenyl-4(1H)-pyridinylidene)- | C21H15N3 | ND | ND | 47194 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 25.80 | 310.2833 | 1′-Oxocannabinol | C21H24O3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| 27.89 | 394.3603 | Stigmastan-6,22-dien, 3,5-dedihydro- | C29H46 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 778823 | 931373 | ND | ND |
| 28.21 | 155.0859 | Pyridine, 3-phenyl- | C11H9N | ND | ND | ND | 150868 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 28.79 | 453.0684 | Methylenebis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenylphosphine) | C31H50P2 | ND | 94708 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 30.02 | 420.0876 | Methyl 3ß-hydroxyolean-18-en-28-oate | C31H50O3 | ND | ND | 696769 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Phenolic compounds | |||||||||||
| 8.83 | 154.0625 | Phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy- | C8H10O3 | ND | ND | ND | 288311 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 9.57 | 164.1196 | Phenol, 4-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)- | C11H16O | ND | ND | 332332 | ND | ND | ND | 562386 | ND |
| 11.48 | 220.1823 | Butylated Hydroxytoluene | C15H24O | 95604 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 11.49 | 206.1665 | 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol | C14H22O | ND | 1676041 | ND | ND | 2037303 | 1153076 | 2870723 | 2802451 |
| 14.12 | 234.1980 | Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)- | C16H26O | ND | ND | 157473 | 78267 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 21.74 | 340.2401 | Phenol, 2,2′-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl- | C23H32O2 | 69972 | 1728704 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 28.79 | 646.4521 | Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, phosphite (3:1) | C42H63O3P | 216841 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Phytosterols | |||||||||||
| 27.69 | 400.3700 | Campesterol | C28H48O | ND | ND | 265916 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 27.89 | 412.3710 | Stigmasterol | C29H48O | 753259 | 603033 | 1163792 | ND | ND | ND | 2283619 | 1771221 |
| 28.27 | 414.3861 | ß-Sitosterol | C29H50O | ND | 345695 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 28.57 | 409.3783 | ß-Amyrin | C30H50O | ND | ND | 283324 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Terpene and Terpenoid | |||||||||||
| 13.90 | 216.1511 | aR-Turmerone | C15H20O | ND | ND | 577405 | 626241 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| 24.78 | 231.2116 | Supraene | C30H50 | ND | ND | ND | 1139640 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| Vitamin | |||||||||||
| 25.67 | 402.3495 | d-Tocopherol | C27H46O2 | ND | ND | 4693356 | 1276396 | ND | ND | 7647813 | 7194388 |
MF: Molecular formula; FAEE: Fatty acid ethyl ester; FAME: Fatty acid methyl ester; 0GBF: Flour from Bambara groundnut germinated for 0 h; 24GBF: Flour from Bambara groundnut germinated for 24 h; 48GBF: Flour from Bambara groundnut germinated for 48 h; 72GBF: Flour from Bambara groundnut germinated for 72 h 0GBS: Starch from Bambara groundnut germinated for 0 h; 24GBS: Starch from Bambara groundnut germinated for 24 h; 48GBS: Starch from Bambara groundnut germinated for 48 h; 72GBS: Starch from Bambara groundnut germinated for 72 h.