Table 3.
Summary of the mechanical properties, in vitro biodegradability and biocompatibility of the reported Zn-based BMs for cardiovascular applications.
| Material | Working history | Mechanical properties |
In vitro corrosion |
In vitro cytocompatibility |
Ref. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) | Tensile yield strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) | Corrosion medium | Electrochemical test (mm/year) | Immersion test (mm/year) | Cell line | Cell viability | |||
| Zn (99.99%) | Cast | 18.25 ± 2.99 | 10.14 ± 2.32 | 0.32 ± 0.08 | [132] | |||||
| Zn (99.99%) | Rolled | ~48.7 | ~30.0 | ~5.6 | Hank's solution | ~0.13 | ~0.08 | Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (ECV304) | ~88% (5d, 100% extract) | [132] |
| Rodent vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) | ~72% (5d, 100% extract) | |||||||||
| Zn (99.99%) | Extruded | ~63.7 | ~34.2 | ~3.5 | [132] | |||||
| Zn (99.995%) | Extruded | 111 ± 4.5 | 51 ± 3.7 | 60 ± 5.9 | Hank's modified solution | ~0.13 | ~0.07 | [170] | ||
| Zn (99.99+%) | Hank's solution | 0.56 ± 0.18 | Human endothelial cell (EA.hy926) | ~20% (5d, 100% extract) | [171] | |||||
| Human aortic vascular smooth cell (HA-VSMC) | ~30% (5d, 100% extract) | |||||||||
| Zn | Rolled | ~142 | ~111 | 36 ± 2 | [169] | |||||
| Zn | Selective laser melting | ~132 | ~108 | ~12 | [172] | |||||
| Zn-0.002Mg | Extruded | 63 ± 9 | 34 ± 4 | 17 ± 3 | [167] | |||||
| Zn-0.005Mg | Extruded | 202 ± 60 | 93 ± 1 | 28 ± 2 | [167] | |||||
| Zn-0.08Mg | Extruded | 339 ± 42 | 221 ± 14 | 40 ± 3 | [167] | |||||
| Zn-0.15Mg | Extruded | 250 ± 9.2 | 114 ± 7.7 | 22 ± 4.0 | Hank's modified solution | ~0.16 | ~0.08 | [170] | ||
| Zn-0.02Mg | Extruded | 231.51 ± 3.56 | 188.67 ± 6.19 | 31.08 ± 3.41 | Hank's solution | 0.093 ± 0.006 | Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) | ~108 (3d, 100% extract) | [173] | |
| Zn-0.05Mg | Rolled | 227 ± 5 | 197 ± 4 | 34 ± 3 | [174] | |||||
| Zn-0.5Mg | Extruded | 297 ± 6.5 | 159 ± 8.5 | 13 ± 0.9 | Hank's modified solution | ~0.16 | ~0.08 | [170] | ||
| Zn–1Mg | Cast | 184.84 ± 20.91 | 127.98 ± 10.72 | 1.82 ± 0.23 | [132] | |||||
| Zn–1Mg | Rolled | ~235.5 | ~187.9 | 11.8 | Hank's solution | ~0.15 | ~0.08 | Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (ECV304) | ~101% (5d, 100% extract) | [132] |
| Rodent vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) | ~70% (5d, 100% extract) | |||||||||
| Zn–1Mg | Extruded | ~266.3 | ~205.4 | 8.4 | [132] | |||||
| Zn–1Mg | Extruded | 340 ± 15.6 | 180 ± 7.3 | 6 ± 1.1 | Hank's modified solution | ~0.17 | ~0.08 | [170] | ||
| Zn–3Mg | Extruded | 399 ± 14.4 | 291 ± 9.3 | 1 ± 0.1 | Hank's modified solution | ~0.13 | ~0.08 | [170] | ||
| Zn–1Ca | Cast | 164.57 ± 13.92 | 119.12 ± 7.01 | 2.10 ± 0.23 | [132] | |||||
| Zn-1Ca | Rolled | ~251.8 | ~204.9 | ~12.6 | Hank's solution | ~0.16 | ~0.09 | Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (ECV304) | ~100% (5d, 100% extract) | [132] |
| Rodent vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) | ~70% (5d, 100% extract) | |||||||||
| Zn-1Ca | Extruded | ~242.4 | ~201.5 | ~7.6 | [132] | |||||
| Zn–1Sr | Cast | 171.40 ± 14.13 | 120.21 ± 6.08 | 2.03 ± 0.22 | [132] | |||||
| Zn–1Sr | Rolled | ~227 | ~187.4 | ~19.7 | Hank's solution | ~0.17 | ~0.10 | Human endothelial cell (ECV304) | ~102% (5d, 100% extract) | [132] |
| Rodent vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) | ~73% (5d, 100% extract) | |||||||||
| Zn-1Sr | Extruded | ~265.3 | ~217.4 | ~10.6 | [132] | |||||
| Zn-0.1Li | Extruded | 274 ± 61 | 238 ± 60 | 17 ± 7 | [168] | |||||
| Zn-0.5Li | Extruded | 364.9 | 22 | [175] | ||||||
| Zn–2Li | Rolled | ~364 | ~238 | ~14.3 | Modified SBF solution | 0.06 | [176] | |||
| Zn–4Li | Rolled | ~440 | ~423 | ~13.7 | Modified SBF solution | 0.05 | [176] | |||
| Zn–6Li | Rolled | ~562 | ~473 | ~2.3 | Modified SBF solution | [176] | ||||
| Zn–1Cu | Extruded | 186.3 ± 0.5 | 148.7 ± 0.5 | 21.0 ± 4.4 | c-SBF solution | ~0.033 | Human endothelium-derived cell (EA.hy926) | ~37% (5d, 100% extract) | [177] | |
| Zn–2Cu | Extruded | 240.0 ± 1.4 | 199.7 ± 4.2 | 46.8 ± 1.4 | c-SBF solution | ~0.027 | Human endotheium-derived cell (EA.hy926) | ~11% (5d, 100% extract) | [177] | |
| Zn–3Cu | Extruded | 257.0 ± 0.81 | 213.7 ± 1.2 | 47.2 ± 1.0 | c-SBF solution | ~0.030 | Human endothelium-derived cell (EA.hy926) | ~60% (5d, 100% extract) | [177] | |
| Zn–3Cu | Extruded | 288 ± 4.03 | ~288 | 45.9 ± 3.33 | SBF solution | 0.0852 | 0.0453 ± 0.00822 | Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (EA.hy926) | ~64%(3d, 100% extract) | [178,179] |
| Rat thoracic aorta smooth muscle cell (A7r5) | ~48% (3d, 100% extract) | |||||||||
| Zn–4Cu | Extruded | 270 ± 10 | 250 ± 10 | 51 ± 2 | Hank's solution | 0.00941 ± 0.00134 | Human endothelial cell (EA.hy926) | ~20% (5d, 100% extract) | [180] | |
| Zn-0.2Mn | Extruded | 220 | 132 | 48 | [181] | |||||
| Zn-0.6Mn | Extruded | 182 | 118 | 91 | [181] | |||||
| Zn-2.5Ag | Extruded | ~203 | ~147 | 35 | Hank's modified solution | 0.137 ± 0.021 | 0.079 ± 0.007 | [182] | ||
| Zn–3Ag | Extruded | 240–260 | 130–145 | 70–135 | [166] | |||||
| Zn-5.0 Ag | Extruded | ~253 | ~208 | 37 | Hank's modified solution | 0.144 ± 0.007 | 0.081 ± 0.001 | [182] | ||
| Zn-7.0Ag | Extruded | ~287 | ~236 | 32 | Hank's modified solution | 0.147 ± 0.018 | 0.084 ± 0.005 | [182] | ||
| Zn-0.5Al | Extruded | 203 ± 9.6 | 119 ± 2.3 | 33 ± 1.2 | Hank's modified solution | ~0.14 | ~0.08 | [170] | ||
| Zn–1Al | Extruded | 223 ± 4.3 | 134 ± 5.8 | 24 ± 4.2 | Hank's modified solution | ~0.14 | ~0.08 | [170] | ||
| Zn–1Al | Rolled | ~238 | ~197 | ~24 | [169] | |||||
| Zn–3Al | Rolled | ~224 | ~203 | ~31 | [169] | |||||
| Zn–5Al | Rolled | ~308 | ~240 | ~16 | [169] | |||||
| Zn-0.02Mg-0.02Cu | Extruded | 262.25 ± 5.02 | 216.2 9 ± 3.27 | 27.74 ± 2.21 | Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) | ~99% (3d, 100% extract) | [183] | |||
| Zn-0.02Mg-0.02Cu | Extruded | 262.25 ± 5.02 | 216.29 ± 3.27 | 27.74 ± 2.21 | Hank's solution | 0.079 ± 0.004 | 0.047 ± 0.005 | [184] | ||
| Zn–3Cu-0.5Fe | Extruded | 284 ± 1.63 | ~231 | 32.7 ± 4.17 | SBF solution | 0.1045 | 0.0643 ± 0.00403 | Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (EA.hy926) | ~54% (3d, 100% extract) | [178,179] |
| Rat thoracic aorta smooth muscle cell (A7r5) | ~31% (3d, 100% extract) | |||||||||
| Zn–3Cu–1Fe | Extruded | 272 ± 7.48 | ~219 | 19.6 ± 1.36 | SBF solution | 0.1301 | 0.0689 ± 0.00734 | Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (EA.hy926) | ~47% (3d, 100% extract) | [178,179] |
| Rat thoracic aorta smooth muscle cell (A7r5) | ~21% (3d, 100% extract) | |||||||||
| Zn-1.5Cu-1.5Ag | Cast | 77.2 ± 2.25 | 75.3 ± 2.49 | 0.54 ± 0.09 | [185] | |||||
| Zn-1.5Cu-1.5Ag | Extruded | 220.3 ± 1.70 | 162.0 ± 2.94 | 44.13 ± 1.09 | c-SBF solution | 0.019 ± 0.00086 | 0.0486 ± 0.00414 | Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (EA.hy926) | ~19% (3d, 50% extract) | [185] |
| Zn–3Cu-0.1Mg | Extruded | ~366 | ~345 | ~5.3 | Hank's solution | 0.01757 | ~0.022 | Human endothelium-derived cell (EA.hy926) | ~74% (5d, 100% extract) | [186] |
| Zn–3Cu-0.5Mg | Extruded | ~418 | ~404 | ~2.1 | Hank's solution | 0.02362 | ~0.030 | Human endothelium-derived cell (EA.hy926) | ~88% (5d, 100% extract) | [186] |
| Zn–3Cu-1.0Mg | Extruded | ~441 | ~428 | ~1.0 | Hank's solution | 0.18048 | ~0.043 | Human endothelium-derived cell (EA.hy926) | ~92% (5d, 100% extract) | [186] |
| Zn-0.1Mn-0.05Mg | Rolled/naturally aged | 274 ± 5 | 230 ± 3 | 41 ± 1 | [174] | |||||
| Zn-0.5Cu-0.05Mg | Rolled/naturally aged | 312 ± 2 | 241 ± 5 | 44 ± 2 | [174] | |||||
| Zn-0.75Mn-0.40Cu | Cast | 120.1 ± 3.2 | 113.2 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | [187] | |||||
| Zn-0.75Mn-0.40Cu | Rolled | 277.5 ± 3.7 | 195.5 ± 10.7 | 15.3 ± 3.9 | SBF solution | 0.062 ± 0.009 | 0.050 ± 0.004 | [187] | ||
| Zn-0.35Mn-0.41Cu | Cast | 83.9 ± 0.4 | 76.7 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | [187] | |||||
| Zn-0.35Mn-0.41Cu | Rolled | 292.4 ± 3.4 | 198.4 ± 6.7 | 29.6 ± 3.8 | SBF solution | 0.098 ± 0.005 | 0.065 ± 0.006 | [187] | ||