Fig. 2.

Current strategies to mature cardiomyocytes in vitro (Inspired from Jiang and al [67].). A: Moving to 3D culture is a key aspect of cardiomyocytes maturation because it reproduces the microenvironment of cardiac cells in vivo. B: Reducing oxygen level reproduces fetal conditions for cardiomyocytes. Cells are first conditioned in hypoxia and mature when the oxygen level rises. C: Perfusion with medium reproduces the blood flow in heart. This increases nutrient and oxygen diffusion, thereby promoting the cardiomyocyte viability. D: Long term cultivation is an obvious technique to age cardiomyocytes in vitro. E: Soluble factors such as hormones also enhance cell maturation as it reproduced the in vivo exposition to signaling molecules. F: Addition of other cell types reproduces the intercellular communications. G: A combination of electrical and mechanical stimulations trains the artificial tissue and synchronizes its beating.