Fig. 5.

3D printing to combine shaping and porosity. First line: 3D printing in a support bath (Inspired from McCormack and al. [169]). The ink is printed in a support bath that allows printing of all complex shapes. After ink gelation or cross-linking, the support bath is removed by heating and reveals the final scaffold [100]. Second line: 3D printing in a cellularized scaffold. The sacrificial ink is printed within the cellularized scaffold and, after scaffold gelation, the sacrificial ink is removed by 1) heating; 2) solving; or 3) colding. The removal reveals porous channels [124].