Table 3.

Advantages and disadvantages of different types of nanocarriers in the TOs delivery.

Nanocarriers	Advantages	Disadvantages
Lipid-based nanoparticles	●Low cytotoxicity ●Long long-circulating and high bioavailability ●Diversity and scale-up feasibility ●High transfection activity	●May trigger immunogenicity ●Difficult to obtain smaller size
Polymeric nanoparticles	●Versatility of structural design ●Stimuli-responsive drug delivery ●Biodegradable ●Controlled drug release	●Difficult to scale-up ●Low drug loading efficiency ●Stability may be a problem for micellar structures
Gold nanoparticles	●Molecular sensing feasibility based on the localized surface plasmon resonance ●Tunability of size and shape ●Photothermal effect ●Easy surface functionalization	●Non-degradable ●Slow body clearance ●Nanotoxicity
Porous nanomaterials	●Structure homogeneity with large active surface area ●Controllable porosity ●High drug-loading capacity ●Capacity to obtain gated supports for on‐demand TOs delivery	●Stability of dispersion requires careful design of surface chemistry ●Possible nanotoxicity for MOF-based materials
DNA/RNA nanoassembly	●Programmability and predictability in TOs loading ●TOs themselves are also building blocks ●Precise structures with addressable modification sites	●High expenses ●Nuclease degradation
Extracellular Vesicles	●Good biocompatibility and low immunogenicity ●Tumor-homing ability and capacity to cross biological barriers ●Superior delivery efficiency ●Tunable surface receptors for site-specific delivery	●No standard methodologies ●Heterogeneous vesicle structures