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Extracellular ROS detection using the DCFH-DA probe. (a) Change in photoluminescence (PL) intensities of DCF at 523 nm as a function of MW exposure time with or without TPEPy-I and TPEPy-PF6 nanoaggregates (10 μM) under 10 W of MW irradiation. (b) Comparison of change in PL intensities of DCF at 523 nm in the presence of TPEPy-I nanoaggregates (10 μM) at 2, 5, and 10 W of MW irradiation. The increase in PL intensity at 523 nm indicates the ROS generation.
