Table 4.
Mediation effect of each health-related behaviour on the association between education and grip strength, women aged 60 years and older, Thailand.
| Dependent variable | Independent variable | Completed primary |
Beyond primary |
Potential mediator |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | S.E. | CI | β | S.E. | CI | β | S.E. | CI | |||
| Step 1: Models 4A–4D | |||||||||||
| 4A | Non-smoking | Education (Lower than primary = ref) | 0.42 | 0.22 | −0.01, 0.85 | 1.94 | 0.67 | 0.63, 3.24 | – | – | – |
| 4B* | Non-drinking | Education (Lower than primary = ref) | 0.30 | 0.30 | −0.29, 0.88 | 0.27 | 0.62 | −0.95, 1.49 | – | – | – |
| Irregular drinking | Education (Lower than primary = ref) | 0.39 | 0.32 | −0.24, 1.02 | 0.38 | 0.68 | −0.95, 1.71 | – | – | – | |
| 4C | Healthy eating | Education (Lower than primary = ref) | 0.14 | 0.12 | −0.09, 0.37 | 0.70 | 0.20 | 0.30, 1.10 | – | – | – |
| 4D | Physically active | Education (Lower than primary = ref) | 0.35 | 0.15 | 0.05, 0.65 | 0.71 | 0.20 | 0.31, 1.11 | – | – | – |
| Step 2: Model 5A | |||||||||||
| 5A | Grip strength | Education (Lower than primary = ref) | 0.52 | 0.20 | 0.13, 0.91 | 0.79 | 0.32 | 0.16, 1.41 | – | – | – |
| Step 3: Models 6A–6D | |||||||||||
| 6A | Grip strength | Education (Lower than primary = ref) | 0.54 | 0.20 | 0.15, 0.93 | 0.82 | 0.32 | 0.19, 1.45 | −0.72 | 0.41 | −1.53, 0.08 |
| Non-smoking (Smoking = ref) | |||||||||||
| 6B | Grip strength | Education (Lower than primary = ref) | 0.52 | 1.99 | 0.13, 0.91 | 0.79 | 0.32 | 0.17, 1.41 | −0.84 | 0.49 | −1.81, 0.13 |
| Non-drinking (Regular drinking = ref) | |||||||||||
| Irregular drinking (Regular drinking = ref) | −0.47 | 0.55 | −1.55, 0.61 | ||||||||
| 6C | Grip strength | Education (Lower than primary = ref) | 0.51 | 0.20 | 0.12, 0.90 | 0.72 | 0.32 | 0.10, 1.34 | 0.54 | 0.18 | 0.18, 0.89 |
| Healthy eating (Unhealthy eating = ref) | |||||||||||
| 6D | Grip strength | Education (Lower than primary = ref) | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.08, 0.85 | 0.66 | 0.32 | 0.03, 1.30 | 0.79 | 0.17 | 0.46, 1.13 |
| Physically active (Inactive = ref) | |||||||||||
Source: The 2009 NHES.
Notes: * The reference category for this multinomial regression is ‘regular drinking’.
a. β = Coefficient; S.E. = Cluster-robust Standard Error; CI = 95% Confidence Interval. β significant at 0.05 or beyond is shown in bold face.
b. All models are adjusted for age, height, weight, marital status, area of residence, work status, income, functional limitation, diabetes and hypertension.