Table 1.
Measurements Used to Assess Level of Social Anxiety or Social Phobia and Psychosis
| Measurements Used for Social Anxiety or Social Phobia | Frequency of Use | Measures | Items | Evidence of Reliability/Validity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), LSAS self- rating (LSAS-SR) | 18 | Fear and avoidance of social situations and used mostly in the social anxiety research34 and in schizophrenia10 | 24 | Good reliability and validity in social anxiety,110,111 and good reliability in schizophrenia.10 |
| Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) | 14 | Anxiety in interpersonal encounters, used alongside with SPS and mostly in the social anxiety research35 | 20 | Good reliability and validity,35 good discriminant validity with SPS and SPAI.112 |
| Social Phobia Scale (SPS) | 6 | Performance anxiety in situations where the individual fears being observed and scrutinized by others, used alongside with SIAS and mostly in the social phobia research35 | 20 | Good reliability and validity,35 good discriminant validity with SIAS and SPAI112 |
| Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE) | 3 | Anxiety about being negatively evaluated by others and mostly in the social phobia research113 | 12 | Good reliability and validity113 |
| State trait anxiety inventory (STAI) | 3 | Various experiences of anxiety including social anxiety. Trait anxiety refers to persistent anxiety, while State anxiety reflects momentary anxiety114 | 40 | Good reliability115 and validity116 |
| Multidimensional Anxiety Questionnaire (MAQ) | 3 | Various experiences of anxiety including social anxiety, assessing worries about social embarrassment and social avoidance,117 used in schizophrenia118 | 40 | Good reliability and validity in people with mental illness, 117 and good validity in schizophrenia.118 |
| Brief Social Phobia Scale (BSPS) | 1 | Fear, avoidance and physiological symptoms associated with common social situations119 | 11 | Acceptable reliability and validity119 |
| Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS) | 1 | Fear, discomfort, subjective distress and the avoidance of social situations and used mostly in social anxiety113 | 28 | Good reliability and validity113 |
| Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI) | 1 | Somatic, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of social phobia across a wide range of social situations and settings120 | 45 | Good reliability and validity,120,121 good discriminant validity with SIAS and SPS112 |
| Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS) | 1 | Subjective experience of anxiety associate with social interactions122 | 15 | Good reliability and validity122 |
| Unsicherheits-Fragebogen (U-scale)a | 1 | Experiences of social anxiety123 | 65 | The scale was proved to be valid and transferable across samples124 |
| Simulated social interaction test (SSIT) | 1 | Social skills responded to 8 social interactions (eg, disapproval/ criticism, social visibility/assertiveness)125 | 8 | Good reliability and validity in schizophrenia126 |
| Measurements Used for Characterizing Psychosis | Frequency of Use | Measures | Items | Evidence of Reliability/Validity |
| Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) | 28 | Psychopathology (positive, negative and emotional discomfort) in schizophrenia36 | 30 | Good to excellent reliability127 |
| Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) | 5 | Positive symptoms of schizophrenia, used alongside with SANS37 | 34 | Good validity and reliability37 |
| Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) | 5 | Negative symptoms of schizophrenia, used alongside with SAPS38 | 25 | Good validity and reliability128 |
| Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) | 3 | Psychopathology during the week prior to the assessment129 | 18 | Good validity and reliability130 |
| Clinical Global Impression (CGI) | 2 | All symptomatology together (psychotic symptoms, anxiety, and depressive) in one number (CGI-severity subscale)131 | 1 | Strong validity and good reliability, but lack of correlation coefficient with depression132 |
| Green Paranoid Thoughts Scale–Persecutory Paranoia Subscale (GPTS) | 1 | Two specific subtypes of paranoia: social reference paranoia and persecutory paranoia133 | 16 | Good validity and reliability133 |
| Details of Threat questionnaire (DoT) | 1 | Nature of the perceived threat arising from persecutory delusions: the power of persecutor, the strength of delusional conviction, the perceived impact or awfulness of threat and perceived controllability of the threat134 | 4 | NA |
| Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) | 1 | Lifetime prevalence of positive, negative and depressive symptoms on scales regarding frequency and distress in general population135 | 42 | May overestimate the prevalence of positive symptoms, psychiatrists required to validate patient’s self-report136 |
| Paranoid checklist | 1 | A multidimensional representation of paranoid ideation rating on frequency, conviction and distress associated with paranoia32 | 18 | Good validity and excellent reliability32 |
| Inventory of hostility and suspiciousness | 1 | Paranoia and related concepts: Interpersonal Suspiciousness/ Hostility, Negative Mood/Withdrawal, Anger/Impulsiveness, Mistrust/Wariness and Perceived Hardship/Resentment137 | 47 | Satisfactory validity and reliability137 |
Note: aUnsicherheits-Fragebogen scale assessing for social anxiety.