Table 3.
Description and differences between the three clusters
| Total | Cluster 1 "Good" mental health |
Cluster 2 "Intermediate" mental health |
Cluster 3 "Poor" mental health |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size, n (%) | 3767 | 993 (26%) | 2553 (68%) | 221 (6%) | |
| Socio-demographic characteristics, n (%) | |||||
| Gender | < 0.001 | ||||
| Female | 1907 (51%) | 478 (48%) | 1316 (52%) | 113 (52%) | |
| Male | 1820 (49%) | 511 (52%) | 1213 (48%) | 96 (44%) | |
| Non-binary | 19 (0.5%) | 1 (0.1%) | 9 (0.4%) | 9 (4.1%) | |
| Living with other children | 0.001 | ||||
| No | 951 (25%) | 214 (22%) | 670 (26%) | 67 (30%) | |
| With 1 child | 1852 (49%) | 531 (54%) | 1231 (49%) | 90 (41%) | |
| With 2 or more children | 936 (25%) | 239 (24%) | 633 (25%) | 64 (29%) | |
| Position born (oldest) | 1603 (44%) | 460 (47%) | 1068 (43%) | 75 (35%) | 0.003 |
| Born in the country of residence | 3443 (92%) | 928 (93%) | 2318 (92%) | 197 (90%) | 0.086 |
| Positive mental health outcomes, mean (SD) | |||||
| Mental well-being | 50.9 (8.1) | 58.5 (5.2) | 49 (6.1) | 38.1 (9) | < 0.001 |
| Health-related quality of life | 69.4 (15.6) | 84.8 (8.3) | 65.5 (11.8) | 42.5 (16) | < 0.001 |
| Resilience | 3.8 (0.6) | 4.4 (0.3) | 3.7 (0.4) | 2.7 (0.7) | < 0.001 |
| School resilience | 3.7 (0.8) | 4.2 (0.6) | 3.5 (0.6) | 2.6 (0.8) | < 0.001 |
| Mental disorder-related outcomes, mean (SD) | |||||
| Perceived stress | 5.7 (2.9) | 3.2 (2.3) | 6.3 (2.3) | 9.7 (3) | < 0.001 |
| Depression symptoms | 6.5 (4.7) | 3.1 (2.7) | 7.1 (4) | 14.8 (6.3) | < 0.001 |
| Moderate-to-severe, n (%) | 775 (22%) | 28 (3%) | 583 (25%) | 164 (78%) | < 0.001 |
| Anxiety disorder | 5.5 (4.4) | 2.7 (2.8) | 6 (4) | 11.8 (5.7) | < 0.001 |
| Moderate-to-severe, n (%) | 623 (17%) | 31 (3%) | 449 (18%) | 143 (66%) | < 0.001 |
Categorical data presented as frequencies and percentages (%) and continuous data as means and standard deviation (SD); p value for difference between clusters. Percentages of missing values for all variables ranged from 1.2 to 7.6%. Scales: mental well-being (WEMWBS) [16], range 14–70; health-related quality of life (KIDSCREEN-10) [18], range 0–100; resilience (READ) [19], range 1–5; school resilience [20], range 1–5; perceived stress (PSS-4) [21], range 0–16; depression (PHQ-9) [23], cut-off point between moderate and severe, ≥ 10; Anxiety disorder (GAD) [26], cut-off point between moderate and severe, ≥ 10