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. 2021 Aug 21;12:469. doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02542-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — The immunomodulatory role of MSCs in COVID-19. Schematic showing the cytokine storm produced as a consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection with clarification of the immunomodulatory role of the administrated MSCs in the inflamed lung tissue. The cytokine storm is formed via inflammatory signaling and cytokines and chemokines recruitment. Also, macrophages, dendritic cells and monocytes are activated, leading to severe inflammation, and tissue dysfunction. After MSCs administration, MSCs migrate to the affected tissue and significant secretions of immunomodulatory biomolecules, and cytokines are observed. MSCs can be employed to reduce the produced inflammation via contact-dependent process and paracrine factors’ secretion