Table 1.
List of 19 GT genes as prognostic markers.
| Gene symbol* | Gene name* | Glycan synthesis / Function |
|---|---|---|
| GALNT9 | Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 9 | Transfers a GalNAc residue to serine or threonine residue of an acceptor core protein. Initiation of mucin-type O- linked protein glycosylation |
| A4GNT | Alpha-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase | Transfers an alpha-1,4-GlcNAc residue onto core 2 branched O-glycans. Biosynthesis of mucin-type O-glycan |
| B3GALT5 | Beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase 5 | Transfers a beta-1,3-Gal residue to GlcNAc-based acceptors such as the core 3 O-glycan. Biosynthesis of type 1 Lewis antigens |
| B3GNT6 | UDP-GlcNAc:betaGal beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 6 | Transfers a beta-1,3-GlcNAc residue to GalNAc-serine or -threonine. Biosynthesis of mucin-type core 3 O-glycan |
| C1GALT1 | Core 1 synthase, glycoprotein-N-acetylgalactosamine 3-beta-galactosyltransferase 1 | Transfers a beta-1,3-Gal residue to O-linked GalNAc residue onto protein. Biosynthesis of mucin-type core 1 O-glycan |
| FUT2 | Fucosyltransferase 2 | Transfers an alpha-1,2-Fuc residue to terminal Gal-based acceptors. Lewis and ABO blood group antigen biosynthesis |
| FUT3 | Fucosyltransferase 3 (Lewis blood group) | Transfers an alpha-1,3- or alpha-1,4-Fuc residue to GlcNAc-based acceptors. Last step of Lewis blood group antigen biosynthesis |
| FUT4 | Fucosyltransferase 4 | Transfers an alpha-1,3-Fuc residue to GlcNAc-based acceptors. Lewis x (CD15) antigen biosynthesis |
| FUT6 | Fucosyltransferase 6 | Transfers an alpha-1,3-Fuc residue to GlcNAc of alpha-2,3 sialylated substrates. Sialyl-Lewis x antigen biosynthesis |
| GALNT4 | Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 4 | Transfers a GalNAc residue to serine or threonine residue of an acceptor core protein. Initiation of mucin-type O- linked protein glycosylation |
| GALNT6 | Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6 | Transfers a GalNAc residue to serine or threonine residue of an acceptor core protein. Initiation of mucin-type O- linked protein glycosylation |
| GALNT12 | Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 12 | Transfers a GalNAc residue to serine or threonine residue of an acceptor core protein. Initiation of mucin-type O- linked protein glycosylation |
| GCNT1 | Glucosaminyl (N-acetyl) transferase 1 | Transfers a beta-1,6-GlcNAc residue onto mucin-type core 1 O-glycan. Biosynthesis of mucin-type core 2 branched O-glycan |
| GYG2 | Glycogenin 2 | Self-glucosylation (Glc). Initiation reaction of glycogen biosynthesis |
| LFNG | LFNG O-fucosylpeptide | Transfers a beta-1,3-GlcNAc residue to O-linked fucose residue onto Notch molecules. Regulation of Notch molecules activity (Notch signaling pathway) |
| MGAT5 | Alpha-1,6-mannosylglycoprotein 6-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase | Transfers a beta-1,6-GlcNAc residue to mannose of biantennary N-linked glycan present onto glycoproteins. Biosynthesis of tri- and tetra-antennary complexe N-glycans |
| ST6GALNAC1 | ST6 N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 | Transfers an alpha-2,6-NeuAc residue to O-linked GalNAc residues onto protein. Biosynthesis of cancer-associated sialyl-Tn antigen |
| ST8SIA3 | ST8 alpha-N-acetyl-neuraminide alpha-2,8-sialyltransferase 3 | Transfers an alpha-2,8-NeuAc residue to terminal NeuAc of glycolipids and N-linked glycan of glycoproteins. Biosynthesis of polysialic acid chains |
| XYLT1 | Xylosyltransferase 1 | Transfers a Xyl residue to a serine residue of an acceptor core protein. Biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycan chains |
⁎
according to the HGNC. GALNT9 is up-regulated in cluster 1 and down-regulated in cluster 2; the 18 other GT are down-regulated in cluster 1 and up-regulated in cluster 2.
Gal: Galactose; Fuc: Fucose; Glc: Glucose; Xyl: Xylose; GalNAc: N-acetylgalactosamine; GlcNAc: N-acetylglucosamine; NeuAc: N-acetylneuraminic acid or sialic acid.