Table 1.
Risk of bias/quality assessment of included studies using the Hoy 2012 tool
| Study | Representation | Sampling | Random selection | Non response bias | Data collection | Case Definition | Reliability and validity of study tool | Method of data collection | Prevalence period | Numerator and denominator | Risk of Bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birhane et al. | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Obaji et al. | Low risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Onwere et al. | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Abay et al. | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Minasie A et al. | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Abdel Fattah, M et al. | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Abeje et al. | High risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Birhane K et al. | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Carlson-Babila Sama et al. | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Kasahun AF | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Dagne AH et al. | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Dadzi R, Adam A | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Gwarzo, UMD et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Isara, A. R. and Ojedokun, C. I | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Segni, MT et al | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Azage M. et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Elshamy, Karima F et al | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Akhigbe, A. O. et al | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Nde et al. | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Negeri et al. | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Odusanya et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Ogunbode A M | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk |
| Ossai EN et al. | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Feleke D. et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Kayode F.O. et al. | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk |
| Okobia, Michael N et al. | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Getu et al. | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Shallo et al. | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Suh et al | Low risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Ifediora, C. O., & Azuike, E. C. | High risk | Low risk | High risk | High Risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Ameer, K et al | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Agboola AOJ et al | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Amoran, O. E. and Toyobo, O. O | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Godfrey, Katende et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Bayumi E | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | High risk |
| Bellgam H.I. amd Buowari Y. D | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Boulos, Dina NK and Ghali, Ramy R | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| E. Kudzawuet al. | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Fondjo LA et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Idris SA et al | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | High risk |
| Kifle MM et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Morse EP et al | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Ndikubwimana J et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Obaikol R et al | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Ramathuba, Dorah U et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Ramson, Lombe Mumba | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Florence, Adeyemo O et al | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Yakubu AA et al | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Andegiorgishet al. | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Kimani, SM and Muthumbi, E | High risk | High risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
| Agbonifoh, Julia Adesua | Low risk | Low risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Casmir, Ebirim Chikere Ifeanyi et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Joel Olayiwola Faronbi | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Makanjuola, OJ et al | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Olowokere et al. | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Sambo, MN et al | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |