Table 1.
Regression estimates of relationship between social determinants and COVID-19 and flu vaccination disparities
| Variable category | Variable | CVD | FVD |
| Economic stability | Median income | −2.20* (0.99) | 1.14† (0.61) |
| Median income disparity | 0.89† (0.44) | 0.88† (0.43) | |
| Education access and quality | High school graduation rate | 1.22 (1.19) | 0.03 (0.28) |
| High school disparity | 2.01*** (0.41) | 0.19 (0.34) | |
| Healthcare access and quality | Health facilities per capita | 0.78 (0.76) | −0.30 (0.38) |
| COVID-19 cases per capita | −0.08 (0.75) | 0.35 (0.26) | |
| Neighborhood and built environment | Home IT rate | 0.51 (0.77) | 0.42 (0.43) |
| Home IT disparity | 0.20 (0.99) | 0.25 (0.44) | |
| Urban | 0.19 (1.23) | 0.001 (0.70) | |
| Rate of vehicle ownership | 2.07 (1.28) | −0.18 (0.67) | |
| Social and community context | Political ideology | −6.45** (1.73) | −1.52*** (0.37) |
| Segregation index | 1.43† (0.69) | 0.60† (0.32) | |
| Racial bias | 1.43† (0.73) | 0.31 (0.38) | |
| Constant | 8.286*** (1.44) | 13.46*** (0.92) |
Covariates: vaccine hesitancy and proportion of Black residents (see SI Appendix, Methods for Regression Analysis). Each model includes data for 756 counties. Models are estimated with state dummies, robust SEs clustered at state level and weighted by county population. All continuous predictors are standardized. R-squared CVD = 0.67; R-squared FVD = 0.46. †P < 0.10, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.