Table 2.

Identification—OLS controlling for historical wealth and CEM estimates

	Log GDP per capita	Religiosity	Share higher education	Standardized trust
Panel A: OLS
Inquisitorial intensity	−0.268***	0.247*	−0.0713**	−0.474**
	(−5.10)	(1.79)	(−2.31)	(−2.29)
N	546	545	546	526
R2	0.437	0.336	0.676	0.075
Panel B: CEM
Inquisitorial intensity	−0.422***	0.316**	−0.121***	−0.721***
	(−7.72)	(2.25)	(−3.52)	(−3.59)
N	1,336	1,324	1,337	582
R2	0.513	0.422	0.569	0.100

Panel A: OLS estimation. Dependent variables are as in Table 1. Specifications are shown with a full set of controls including population size, hospital presence, geographic and socioeconomic controls. Panel B: CEM estimates, matching for population today, population in 1528, latitude, longitude, ruggedness, distance to river, and distance to the sea. t statistics in parentheses. *P < 0.1, **P < 0.05, and ***P < 0.01.