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Physiopathological mechanisms of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Abbreviations: ↑, increase in; ECs, endothelial cells; EGF, epidermal growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor IL, interleukin; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor RAAS, renin–angiotensi–-aldosterone system; SMCs, smooth muscle cells; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide.
