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. 2021 Apr 21;49(10):1303–1317. doi: 10.1007/s10802-021-00813-0

Table 3.

Hypothesized Mean Differences (HA), Range, Means (M), Standard Deviations (SD), and Bootstrap 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) of the Subgroup Comparison Measures for Children in the Predominantly Reactive (R), Proactive (P) and Mixed (M) Subgroups for Studies 1–3

Study 1
R (n = 132) M (n = 55) P (n = 41) Reactive Mixed Proactive ηp2
HA Range M SD M SD M SD 95% CI 95% CI 95% CI
Teacher-report
   ADHD symptoms R,M > P 0.00–2.00 0.62a 0.52 0.91b 0.64 0.60ab 0.54 [0.52; 0.70] [0.72; 1.11] [0.46; 0.75] 0.04*
   Emotional symptoms R,M > P 0.00–1.60 0.42a 0.48 0.29ab 0.31 0.15b 0.29 [0.34; 0.50] [0.20; 0.38] [0.08; 0.23] 0.07*
   Conduct problems P,M > R 0.00–2.00 0.19a 0.26 0.49b 0.48 0.32ab 0.37 [0.14; 0.23] [0.35; 0.64] [0.23; 0.42] 0.11*
   Peer problems R,M > P 0.00–2.00 0.41 0.47 0.45 0.45 0.30 0.31 [0.34; 0.49] [0.32; 0.58] [0.23; 0.38] 0.02
Self-report
   Trait anxiety R,M > P 0.00–1.90 0.54 0.36 0.52 0.28 0.47 0.25 [0.48; 0.61] [0.44; 0.61] [0.41; 0.54] 0.01
   Psychopathy P,M > R 0.00–2.35 0.61 0.39 0.57 0.46 0.63 0.50 [0.54; 0.68] [0.44; 0.71] [0.51; 0.76]  < 0.01
   Dominance P,M > R 0.13–1.73 0.75 0.30 0.76 0.27 0.80 0.37 [0.70; 0.80] [0.68; 0.84] [0.71; 0.89]  < 0.01
   Empathy P,M < R 0.00–1.00 0.33 0.29 0.31 0.26 0.42 0.32 [0.28; 0.38] [0.24; 0.39] [0.33; 0.50] 0.02
   Social acceptance× R,M < P 0.00–3.00 0.89 0.65 0.98 0.60 0.93 0.67 [0.79; 1.00] [0.85; 1.12] [0.65; 1.30] 0.02
Social information processing
   Provoked anger× R,M > P 0.00–6.00 4.03a 1.50 3.27b 1.51 3.72ab 1.55 [3.75; 4.28] [2.79; 3.74] [3.31; 4.15] 0.04*
   Hostile intent attribution× R,M > P 0.00–6.00 2.85a 1.42 2.12b 1.15 2.55ab 1.51 [2.60; 3.10] [1.78; 2.48] [2.17; 2.93] 0.04*
   Aggression approval P,M > R 0.00–5.58 1.15 1.27 0.81 1.03 1.11 1.36 [0.94; 1.37] [0.53; 1.14] [0.78; 1.48] 0.01
Peer nomination
   Victimized R,M > P -1.55–4.56 0.32a 1.30 -0.17b 0.60 -0.15b 0.67 [0.11; 0.54] [-0.34; 0.01] [-0.31; 0.03] 0.05*
   Angry easily R,M > P -1.00–4.18 0.22 1.20 0.47 1.30 0.25 0.99 [0.03; 0.42] [0.08; 0.99] [0.00; 1.52] 0.01
   Social preference R,M < P -3.10–2.35 -0.08 1.07 -0.45 0.99 -0.32 0.96 [-0.26; 0.10] [-0.76; -0.16] [-0.57; -0.08] 0.02
   Popular R,M < P -1.18–3.18 -0.06 0.97 0.13 0.86 0.21 1.08 [-0.22; 0.11] [-0.12; 0.39] [-0.07; 0.49] 0.01
   Coercive strategy use P,M > R -0.79–3.43 0.05a 0.81 0.49b 0.98 0.39ab 0.97 [-0.07; 0.19] [0.21; 0.81] [0.15; 0.64] 0.04*
   Bullies others P,M > R -0.97–3.47 -0.02a 0.90 0.54b 1.15 0.59b 1.24 [-0.16; 0.14] [0.21; 0.91] [0.28; 0.91] 0.07*
Study 2
R (n = 64) M (n = 39) P (n = 12) Reactive Mixed Proactive ηp2
HA Range M SD M SD M SD 95% CI 95% CI 95% CI
   Psychopathy× P,M > R 0.25–1.65 0.80 0.31 1.00 0.37 0.99 0.47 [0.70; 0.90] [0.85; 1.16] [0.62; 1.35] 0.08
   Anger attribution bias× R,M > P 0.22–0.76 0.49 0.10 0.52 0.08 0.47 0.12 [0.46; 0.52] [0.50; 0.54] [0.40; 0.55] 0.03
   Hostile intent attribution× R,M > P 0.00–0.69 0.26 0.19 0.33 0.20 0.27 0.26 [0.21; 0.32] [0.25; 0.41] [0.06; 0.48] 0.03
Study 3
R (n = 76) M (n = 27) P (n = 20) Reactive Mixed Proactive ηp2
HA Range M SD M SD M SD 95% CI 95% CI 95% CI
Teacher-report
   ADHD symptoms× R,M > P 0.00–26.00 12.00a 6.69 15.15ab 6.29 16.42b 5.98 [10.55; 13.50] [12.80; 17.41] [13.73; 19.14] 0.07*
   Emotional symptoms× R,M > P 0.00–8.00 1.99 2.09 1.78 1.31 2.68 2.41 [1.55; 2.45] [1.30; 2.28] [1.71; 3.72] 0.02
   Conduct problems× P,M > R 0.00–21.00 3.17 3.64 5.52 5.64 5.74 5.72 [2.37; 4.00] [3.55; 7.67] [3.47; 8.30] 0.07
   Peer problems× R,M > P 0.00–11.00 3.50 2.57 4.67 2.39 3.79 3.38 [2.94; 4.08] [3.83; 5.52] [2.38; 5.34] 0.03
   Psychopathy P,M > R 0.05–1.55 0.58a 0.30 0.75b 0.29 0.83b 0.32 [0.51; 0.65] [0.65; 0.86] [0.69; 0.97] 0.10*
   Empathy P,M < R -3.31–2.08 -0.51a 1.11 -1.40b 1.02 -1.68b 1.01 [-0.76; -0.26] [-1.77; -1.03] [-2.10; -1.27] 0.18*
Parent-report
   ADHD symptoms× R,M > P 0.00–14.00 9.69 3.82 10.38 3.40 9.84 3.29 [8.80; 10.52] [9.04; 11.64] [8.23; 11.32]  < 0.01
   Emotional symptoms× R,M > P 0.00–12.00 3.80 2.74 3.96 2.58 3.68 2.21 [3.20; 4.43] [2.96; 4.96] [2.75; 4.63]  < 0.01
   Conduct problems× P,M > R 0.00–21.00 5.57 4.31 6.46 4.34 4.11 3.38 [4.69; 6.51] [4.83; 8.12] [2.64; 5.72] 0.03
   Peer problems× R,M > P 0.00–15.00 5.93 3.52 6.42 4.08 5.05 3.17 [5.17; 6.72] [4.91; 8.15] [3.61; 6.54] 0.02
   Psychopathy P,M > R 0.20–1.65 0.81 0.32 0.82 0.32 0.76 0.26 [0.74; 0.88] [0.71; 0.95] [0.64; 0.88]  < 0.01
   Empathy P,M < R -3.87–2.47 -0.02 1.35 -0.53 1.33 -0.01 1.36 [-0.33; 0.27] [-1.04; -0.04] [-0.66; 0.58] 0.03
   Empathic response P,M < R 0.00–14.00 4.93 2.98 3.41 3.38 4.40 2.91 [4.28; 5.59] [2.25; 4.66] [3.09; 5.67] 0.04

The column HA shows how the subgroups are predicted to deviate from each other. Underlined predictions were at least partly supported. Subgroups with different superscripts have non-overlapping 95% CIs

×There were missing scores for Study 1 Provoked anger, Hostile intent attribution (n = 1), and Social Acceptance (n = 7) because children failed to complete these measures; for Study 2 Anger attribution bias (n = 18) because children were absent from school at the day of testing; for Study 2 Psychopathy and Hostile intent attribution (n = 46) because only one of the two studies included these measures; and for Study 3 TRF (n = 1) and CBCL measures (n = 3) because reporters did not complete them